Generalisations

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Changes in internal energy affect molecular motion.

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Energy can be transformed but is conserved in an isolated system.

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Isolated systems undergo change and seek equilibrium.

State the properties of solids, liquids and gases in terms of arrangement separation and motion of molecules

Describe the temperature of a gas as a result of particle movement

Explain cooling as heat transfer and a move to equilibrium

Describe using the change of state graph how the energy of a substance changes

Explain why the amount of energy needed to change the state of 1kg of a substance will be different depending on its initial state

Heating is the movement of energy from hot to cold areas.

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Energy added to an isolated system leads to quantifiable changes.

Describe conduction in metals

Describe, in terms of density, how a convection cycle occurs

Apply convection cycles to explain phenomena (eg wind)

Explain why evaporation is considered as a heat transfer (cooling effect)

Explain evaporation in terms of the escape of more energetic molecules at the surface of a liquid

Draw and label the change of state graph

Define thermal capacity, SHC and LH and identify which regions of the change of state graph they relate to

Solve problems with SHC and thermal capacity

Identify the regions where the SHC and LH relationships could be used

Solve problems with both SHC and LH