CIT 211�INFORMATION LITERACY SKILLS ��SESSION 6 – ACADEMIC INTEGRITY AND PLAGIARISM

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SESSION OVERVIEW

AT THE END OF THE SESSION, THE STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO:

• UNDERSTAND WHAT PLAGIARISM IS AND WHY IT IS UNACCEPTABLE
• UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
• UNDERSTAND WHY STUDENTS PLAGIARIZE , HOW TO DETECT AND AVOID PLAGIARISM
• UNDERSTAND COPYRIGHT, FAIR USE AND PUBLIC DOMAIN

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Dr. Perpetua Dadzie, Dept of Info. Studies

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SESSION OUTLINE

THE KEY TOPICS TO BE COVERED IN THE SESSION ARE AS FOLLOWS:

• TOPIC ONE - UNDERSTANDING PLAGIARISM
• TOPIC TWO – TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
• TOPIC THREE – WHY STUDENTS PLAGIARIZE, HOW TO DETECT AND AVOID PLAGIARISM
• TOPIC FOUR - COPYRIGHT, FAIR USE AND PUBLIC DOMAIN

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UNDERSTANDING PLAGIARISM

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PLAGIARISM

• PLAGIARISM IS INTENTIONAL OR UNINTENTIONAL PRESENTATION OF ANOTHER SOURCE’S WORDS, IDEAS, OR IMAGES AS YOUR OWN
• PRESENTING AS ONE'S OWN WORDS, WORK, OR OPINIONS OF SOMEONE ELSE WITHOUT PROPER ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 
• USE OF ANY SOURCE, PUBLISHED OR UNPUBLISHED, WITHOUT PROPER ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OR REFERENCING

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PLAGIARISM (2)

• PLAGIARISM IS STEALING
• PLAGIARISM IS LYING
• PLAGIARISM IS CHEATING
• YOU WILL GET CAUGHT … EVENTUALLY

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WHY IS PLAGIARISM UNACCEPTABLE?

• UNDERMINES INTELLECTUAL COLLABORATION -- EXCHANGE OF IDEAS --
•  CORRUPTS VALUES TO WHICH UNIVERSITY COMMUNITY IS FUNDAMENTALLY COMMITTED -- PURSUIT OF KNOWLEDGE, INTELLECTUAL HONESTY.
•  GRAVE VIOLATION OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY AND THE SANCTIONS AGAINST IT ARE CORRESPONDINGLY SEVERE.

EXAMPLES OF PLAGIARISM

• CUTTING AND PASTING FROM OTHER DOCUMENTS.
• QUOTING WITHOUT QUOTATION MARKS OR REFERENCES.
• PARAPHRASING WITHOUT REFERENCING.
• SUMMARISING WITHOUT REFERENCING.
• USING AN IMAGE, SOURCE AND/OR DIAGRAM WITHOUT REFERENCING.
• TAKING ANOTHER STUDENT’S IDEAS AND PASSING THEM OFF AS YOUR OWN.
• RE-CYCLING YOUR OWN WORK WHICH HAS BEEN SUBMITTED FOR ASSESSMENT ELSEWHERE.
• COLLABORATING ON WHAT SHOULD BE INDIVIDUAL WORK.
• TRANSLATING A DOCUMENT FROM ANOTHER LANGUAGE

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TYPES OF PLAGIARISM

TOPIC TWO

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FORMS OF PLAGIARISM

• COPYING
• PATCHWORK PLAGIARISM
• PARAPHRASING PLAGIARISM
• UNINTENTIONAL PLAGIARISM
• PLAGIARISM OF IDEAS
• PLAGIARISM OF AUTHORSHIP
• PLAGIARISM OF SELF

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TYPES OF PLAGIARISM (2)

COPYING - COPY SOMEONE ELSE'S WORK AND PUT YOUR NAME ON IT

• "CHILDREN ARE TOTALLY INSENSITIVE TO THEIR PARENTS' SHYNESS; IT IS THE RARE CHILD WHO LABELS A PARENT SHY [...] THIS IS UNDERSTANDABLE, SINCE PARENTS ARE IN POSITIONS OF CONTROL AND AUTHORITY IN THEIR HOMES AND MAY NOT REVEAL THEIR SHY SIDE TO THEIR CHILDREN. ALSO, SINCE SHYNESS IS VIEWED AS UNDESIRABLE BY MANY CHILDREN, IT MAY BE THREATENING TO THINK OF PARENTS IN THESE TERMS. AT THIS YOUNG AGE, THE PARENT IS STILL IDEALIZED AS ALL-KNOWING AND ALL-POWERFUL - - NOT DUMB, UGLY, OR WEAK."��ORIGINAL SOURCE
• ZIMBARDO, PHILIP G. (1977). SHYNESS: WHAT IT IS, WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT. CAMBRIDGE, MASS.: PERSEUS BOOKS.

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TYPES OF PLAGIARISM (3)

PATCHWORK PLAGIARISM - SIMILAR TO COPYING. OCCURS WHEN THE PLAGIARIZER BORROWS THE "PHRASES AND CLAUSES FROM THE ORIGINAL SOURCE AND WEAVES THEM INTO HIS OWN WRITING" WITHOUT PUTTING THE PHRASES IN QUOTATION MARKS OR CITING THE AUTHOR.

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TYPES OF PLAGIARISM (4)

PATCHWORK: AN EXAMPLE

• WITH REGARD TO CHILDREN, THEY ARE TOTALLY INSENSITIVE TO THEIR PARENTS' SHYNESS. RARE IS THE CHILD WHO LABELS A PARENT SHY. IT IS EASY TO UNDERSTAND THIS, SINCE THE PARENTS ARE IN POSITIONS OF CONTROL AND AUTHORITY IN THEIR OWN HOMES AND MAY NOT NECESSARILY SHOW THEIR SHY SIDE TO THEIR CHILDREN. DURING THE FORMATIVE YEARS, THE PARENT IS IDEALIZED AS ALL-KNOWING AND ALL-POWERFUL -- NOT DUMB, UGLY, OR WEAK.

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TYPES OF PLAGIARISM (5)

PARAPHRASING PLAGIARISM

• OCCURS WHEN THE PLAGIARIZER PARAPHRASES OR SUMMARIZES ANOTHER'S WORK WITHOUT CITING THE SOURCE. EVEN CHANGING THE WORDS A LITTLE OR USING SYNONYMS BUT RETAINING THE AUTHOR'S ESSENTIAL THOUGHTS, SENTENCE STRUCTURE, AND/OR STYLE WITHOUT CITING THE SOURCE IS STILL CONSIDERED PLAGIARISM.

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TYPES OF PLAGIARISM (6)

PARAPHRASING IS STATING AN IDEA IN YOUR OWN WORDS

• TO PROPERLY PARAPHRASE, YOU MUST SIGNIFICANTLY CHANGE WORDING, PHRASING, AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE OF THE SOURCE (NOT JUST A FEW WORDS)

SUMMARIES ARE SIGNIFICANTLY SHORTER THAN THE ORIGINAL AND TAKE A BROAD OVERVIEW OF SOURCE MATERIAL.

• ATTRIBUTE SUMMARIZED IDEAS TO ORIGINAL SOURCES.

SUMMARIZE WHEN:

• YOU WANT TO ESTABLISH BACKGROUND OR OFFER AN OVERVIEW OF A TOPIC
• YOU WANT TO DESCRIBE KNOWLEDGE (FROM SEVERAL SOURCES) ABOUT A TOPIC
• YOU WANT TO DETERMINE MAIN IDEAS OF SINGLE SOURCE

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TYPES OF PLAGIARISM (7)

UNINTENTIONAL PLAGIARISM - OCCURS WHEN THE WRITER INCORRECTLY QUOTES AND/OR INCORRECTLY CITES A SOURCE THEY ARE USING. 

• IF A WRITER HAS INCORRECTLY QUOTED OR INCORRECTLY CITED A SOURCE, IT COULD BE MISCONSTRUED AS DISHONESTY ON THE WRITER'S PART. THE DISHONEST USAGE OF ANOTHER'S WORK IS MOST OFTEN CONSIDERED PLAGIARISM.

TYPES OF PLAGIARISM (8)

PLAGIARISM OF IDEAS

• PRESENTING ANOTHER’S IDEAS AS YOUR OWN WITHOUT GIVING THE PERSON CREDIT
• SUBMITTING A PAPER WITHOUT CITING OR INCORRECTLY CITING ANOTHER’S IDEAS

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PLAGIARISM OF AUTHORSHIP

• TURNING IN A REPLICATION OF ANOTHER’S WORK
• SUBMITTING A PAPER THAT YOU GOT OFF THE INTERNET OR FROM A FRIEND AND PRESENTING IT AS YOUR OWN

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TYPES OF PLAGIARISM (9)

PLAGIARISM OF SELF

• THE USE OF PREVIOUS WORK FOR A SEPARATE ASSIGNMENT
• ALTHOUGH THESE WERE YOUR ORIGINAL WORDS AND THOUGHTS, RECEIVING CREDIT FOR A PREVIOUS ASSIGNMENT IS CONSIDERED CHEATING

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WHY PLAGIARISM, HOW TO DETECT AND AVOID IT?

TOPIC THREE

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�WHY STUDENTS PLAGIARISE?�

• PRESSURE TO MAINTAIN HIGH GRADE POINT AVERAGE.
• TOO BUSY WITH HEAVY CLASS LOADS, MULTIPLE JOBS, FAMILY OBLIGATIONS, SOCIAL ACTIVITIES
• COURSES NOT DIRECTLY TIED TO THEIR MAJOR.
• IGNORANCE
• INADVERTENTLY PLAGIARIZING FROM ONLINE SOURCES. DO NOT UNDERSTAND RULES FOR PROPERLY USING AND CITING SOURCES. (“I CITED THE WEB SITE DIDN’T I?)

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�WHY STUDENTS PLAGIARIZE (2)�

• SOME STUDENTS DO NOT COME TO HIGHER EDUCATION SEEKING AN EDUCATION. INSTEAD, THEY WANT A CREDENTIAL THAT WILL GET THEM A JOB.
• OTHER STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITY ARE CHEATING. GIVES THEM UNFAIR ADVANTAGE OVER STUDENTS WHO DO NOT CHEAT,

�HOW FACULTY DETECTS PLAGIARIZED PAPERS�

• WRITING STYLE, LANGUAGE, VOCABULARY, TONE, GRAMMAR, ETC.
• DIFFERENT WRITING STYLES, TONES, LANGUAGE, ETC. IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF PAPER.
• WEB ADDRESS ON PAGE?
• COPYRIGHT NOTICE?
• LAYOUT
• GRAPHS OR CHARTS? NOT IN TEXT
• INACTIVE WEB SITES
• DATED MATERIAL

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HOW FACULTY DETECTS PLAGIARIZED PAPERS (2)�

ANTI-PLAGIARISM SOFTWARE

• TURNITIN.COM
• WORDCHECK.COM

�HOW TO AVOID IT�

• SIMPLY BE HONEST; WHEN YOU'VE USED A SOURCE IN YOUR PAPER, GIVE CREDIT WHERE IT'S DUE. ACKNOWLEDGE THE AUTHOR OF THE ORIGINAL WORK YOU'VE USED.
• USE YOUR OWN WORK AS OFTEN AS POSSIBLE. USING SOMEONE ELSE'S WORK EXCESSIVELY CAN BE CONSTRUED AS PLAGIARISM.
• ALWAYS PUT QUOTES FROM TEXT IN QUOTATIONS.
• WHEN PARAPHRASING…
• BE SURE YOU ARE NOT JUST REARRANGING OR REPLACING WORDS.
• REWRITE PHRASE IN YOUR OWN WORDS AND CREDIT THE ORIGINAL SOURCE.

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�HOW TO AVOID IT (2)�

• DOUBLE CHECK WHAT YOU HAVE WRITTEN BY COMPARING IT WITH ORIGINAL WRITING.
• DO NOT USE WEB TO LOOK FOR “EASY” PAPER SOURCES.
• DO NOT TURN IN OTHER STUDENTS PAPERS AS YOUR OWN.
• WHEN IN DOUBT, ALWAYS QUOTE AND/OR CITE YOUR SOURCES PROPERLY
• CONSULT STYLE MANUAL
• APA STYLE

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�SOURCES OF ONLINE PLAGIARISM�

• WEB SITES
• ELECTRONIC LIBRARY RESOURCES
• PAPER MILLS�SCHOOLSUCKS.COM (HTTP://WWW.SCHOOLSUCKS.COM)
• EVIL HOUSE OF CHEATS (HTTP://WWW.CHEATHOUSE.COM)

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ACTIVITY

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING:

• QUESTION 1: WHILE WRITING A PAPER ON HOMELESSNESS, YOU COPY AND PASTE SOME TEXT FROM A WEBSITE’S FAQ PAGE. YOU DON’T CITE YOUR SOURCE BECAUSE THE PAGE DOESN’T INCLUDE AUTHOR INFORMATION. PLAGIARISM OR NOT?
• QUESTION 2: WHILE WRITING A PAPER ON THE GREAT DEPRESSION, YOU PARAPHRASE A FEW PARAGRAPHS YOU FOUND ON WIKIPEDIA. YOU DON’T CITE YOUR SOURCE BECAUSE INFORMATION ON WIKIPEDIA CAN BE CONSIDERED COMMON KNOWLEDGE. PLAGIARISM OR NOT?
• QUESTION 3: GERMAN TEENAGER HELENE HEGEMANN’S BEST-SELLING NOVEL ABOUT BERLIN CLUB LIFE INCLUDED SEVERAL PASSAGES LIFTED FROM OTHER NOVELS. PLAGIARISM OR NOT?

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