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Write Chapter 4 in Report�

Dr. Muhammad Izzad Ramli

Adapted from:

  1. AP Ts Dr Nur Atiqah Sia Abdullah
  2. AP Ts Dr Nurazzah Abd Rahman
  3. Essentials of Computing Sciences: Project Administration

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Learning Outcomes

Understand what is expected of Results and Discussion at Degree level

Know the objective of Results and Discussion Chapter

Guidelines in writing Results and Discussion

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Expectation at Degree level

At Degree level (in CS253), you are expected to be able to:

    • Report about the algorithm used in your study
    • Share the User Interfaces of your system
    • Discuss about the findings in your study

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Objective of Results and Discussion Chapter

  • Objective: To present the results of the study and make them meaningful to the reader
    • To share about the algorithm used in your study;

e.g. Result of pre-processing the dataset

Result of using the algorithm

Result in develop model

    • To share the user interfaces of your system
    • To share about the evaluation / result of the experiments

​

  • Generally to describe:
    • What is the result of the study?

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What are Results?

  • The results are presented in a format that is accessible to the reader
    • Graphs;
    • Tables;
    • Figures (UI);
    • Important coding segments;
    • Written text, or etc
  • Raw data is usually put in an appendix

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What are Results?

Explanatory text is needed for all graphs, tables, diagrams and figures.

The text guides the reader’s attention to significant results.

The text makes the results meaningful by pointing out the most important result, simplifying the results

E.g : “nearly half” instead of 48.9%, highlighting significant trends or relationships.

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What are Results?

The common problem in the report is:

The text includes too much detail that simply repeats data presented in graphs, tables, etc. without making the results meaningful.

Solution: Remember that graphs, tables, and etc are used to present a lot of information efficiently, but your job is to direct the reader’s attention to the significant part of that information.

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How to organize the Results?

There are two basic ways of organizing the results:

Present all the results, then give a discussion (perhaps in a different section)

Present part of the results then give a discussion, present another result then give a discussion, and etc

The method of organization depends on the quantity and type of your results. You should look for a method of presentation that makes the information and ideas as clear as possible to the reader.

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How to write the Results?

  • Your result should include
    • explanation,
    • reference to a figure,
    • statement of results,
    • make the results meaningful, and
    • comparison.

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​

Figure 2 shows that the most frequent diagnosis strategies were “Historical information” (29% of the 182 observed strategies), “Least effort” (11.5%), “Reconstruction” (9.8%) and “Sensory check” (8.7%) (see Appendix). Strategies such as “Historical information”, which check available information about the failure history, and “Least effort” are two low cost technical checks which shorten the time needed for diagnosis activities (see Appendix). Strategies such as “Split half”, leading to a binary reduction of the problem space, and “Information uncertainty” play only a minor role in real-life failure diagnosis of machine tools (1.1%, see Figure 2).

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How to write the Results?

  • Figure 2 shows
    • Reference to a figure
    • Notice that the present tense is used (“shows”)
  • The most frequent diagnosis strategies were
    • The writer is pointing out the significance of the results
    • The detailed percentages are emphasized (in parentheses)
    • The writer uses “(see Appendix)” to refer the reader to appendix for detail information.

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How to write the Results?

  • are two low-cost technical checks
    • The writer is summarizing the benefits of two strategies to indicate why they were most frequently used.
    • This is part of discussion, but it helps the reader to recap during the discussion section.
  • play only a minor role
    • The writer also points out the least frequent strategies.

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How to write the Results?

  • Which of the following statement is more effective?

​

Table 4.1 shows the results from the experiment.

​

The results from the experiment indicate the reaction proceeds faster in the presence of this metal (see Table 4.1).

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How to write the Results?

  • Table 4.1 shows the results from the experiment.

-This sentence is just tell the reader to look at Table 4.1

- It does not make the results in Table 4.1 meaningful because it does not comment on the results.

  • The results from the experiment indicate the reaction proceeds faster in the presence of this metal (see Table 4.1).
  • This sentence is more effective because it makes the results more meaningful by pointing out a relationship between the speed of reaction and the presence of the metal.

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Results: Pre-processing Data

  • If the pre-processing data is important for you to share with the reader, you have to include it as part of the result from your study.
  • E.g: Speech pre-processing, text pre-processing, image pre-processing, data pre-processing, and etc
  • Show the sample of the pre-processing data
  • Share description about the pre-processing data

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Results: Coding Segments

  • Highlights the important coding segments.
  • E.g: stemming code, scraping code, crawling code, filtering code, selection code, stop word removal code, calculation code, etc
  • Show the code segment in text box and choose courier new as font type
  • Share description about coding

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Results: User Interfaces

  • Copy and paste the User Interfaces of your system.
  • Arrange the UI according to the sequence of the system
  • Reference to the figure
  • Share description about UI
  • If you have more than one type of users, create subsection for different types of users.

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Results: Evaluation

  • Put the evaluation result in suitable format.
  • E.g: Tables, Graphs, etc
  • Reference to the table or graph
  • Share description about the figure
  • Remember to highlight the significance of the figure.

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To be continued…