The Performance of Property Tax in Mexico: Asymmetric Assignment of Cadastral Management and The Role of Local Capacity
Alejandro Beltran, Alan Turing Institute
Jorge Martinez-Vazquez, Georgia State University
Andres Muñoz, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo
Enid Slack, University of Toronto
El problema
¿Por qué tan bajo?
La disyuntiva política
Ventajas
Limitaciones / mecanismos que agravan
Centralización
Ventajas
Limitaciones / mecanismos que agravan
La disyuntiva política
Descentralización
Centralización (Capacidad técnica)
Descentralización (Incentivos)
✔ Recaudación propia
✔ Conocimiento local
✖ Capacidad limitada
✖ Riesgo político
✔ Economías de escala
✔ Más tecnología
✖ Burocracia
Hipótesis y expectativas teóricas
Estrategia empírica
Estrategia empírica
# | Variable | Mean | SD | Min | Max |
1 | Municipal Property Tax ($MXN) | $21,334,428 | $103,492,903 | $34 | $2,491,065,112 |
2 | Total Municipal Expenditures ($MXN) | $744,220,468 | $1,234,982,495 | $62,141,219 | $12,494,995,385 |
3 | Municipal Capacity (PCA Score) | 0.66 | 1.58 | -0.33 | 12.99 |
4 | Municipal Population | 150,807 | 237,358 | 30,017 | 1,922,523 |
5 | Unconditional Transfers ($MXN) | $273,430,955 | $476,997,658 | $18,625,037 | $4,767,693,706 |
6 | Unemployment Rate | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.18 |
7 | Marginalization Index | 54.35 | 5.11 | 22.22 | 65.27 |
8 | Total Municipalities by State | 101.93 | 101.34 | 5.00 | 551.00 |
9 | State GDP ($MXN) | $639,599 | $463,363 | $91,086 | $1,608,137 |
Índice de Capacidad
300 indicadores
Análisis de Componentes Principales
Índice compuesto de capacidad
Municipios con alta capacidad → gestionar su propio catastro = hasta +160 millones MXN más que sus pares
Resultados
Riegos de sesgo
Limitaciones
Implicaciones
Alta capacidad municipal
Mejor recaudación de impuestos propios
Mas recursos que administrar
Inversión en capacidad para administrar recursos
Gracias
| ||||
| Dependent variable: | |||
| | |||
| log(Property tax per capita) | |||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| ||||
Constant | -18.843*** (0.575) | -15.518*** (0.878) | -13.141*** (2.513) | -10.936*** (3.936) |
Municipal cadastre (ref: State) | 0.101*** (0.031) | -5.023*** (0.905) | -7.301 (4.473) | 4.373 (5.790) |
log(Total expenditures per capita) | 1.036*** (0.080) | 0.666*** (0.108) | 1.123*** (0.337) | |
log(Municipal capacity PCA) | | | | -0.080 (0.386) |
log(Unconditional transfers per capita) | -0.089 (0.060) | -0.110* (0.059) | -0.430 (0.264) | 0.298 (0.215) |
Mun. marginalization index | 0.244*** (0.010) | 0.244*** (0.010) | 0.307*** (0.032) | 0.307*** (0.035) |
Unemployment | 2.420* (1.333) | 2.697** (1.322) | -9.008*** (3.411) | -9.115*** (3.350) |
log(Population) | 0.294*** (0.024) | 0.288*** (0.024) | -0.256* (0.150) | -0.105 (0.271) |
# of muns in state | -0.001*** (0.0001) | -0.001*** (0.0001) | -0.001 (0.001) | -0.0005 (0.001) |
log(State GDP per capita) | 0.139*** (0.019) | 0.135*** (0.019) | -0.580*** (0.147) | -0.453*** (0.157) |
Mun. cadastre x log(Total Exp.PC) | | 0.604*** (0.108) | 0.650 (0.520) | |
Mun. cadastre x log(Mun. Capacity PCA) | | | | 1.204** (0.584) |
Mun. cadastre x log(Uncond. Transfers PC) | | | -0.194 (0.350) | 0.024 (0.329) |
Mun. cadastre x (Mun marginalization) | | | -0.124* (0.066) | -0.078 (0.064) |
Mun. cadastre x Unemployment | | | 17.406*** (5.232) | 9.802* (5.023) |
Mun. cadastre x log(Population) | | | 0.673*** (0.197) | -0.220 (0.431) |
Mun. cadastre x Num. Muns. | | | -0.002 (0.001) | -0.001 (0.001) |
Mun. cadastre x log(State GDP PC) | | | 0.784*** (0.194) | 0.700*** (0.184) |
| ||||
Year FE | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| ||||
Observations | 4,354 | 4,354 | 266 | 266 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.618 | 0.623 | 0.587 | 0.579 |
Residual Std. Error | 0.779 | 0.774 | 0.773 | 0.833 |
| ||||
Note: OLS with Robust SE. | *p**p***p<0.01 | |||
| ||||
| Dependent variable: | |||
| | |||
| log(Property tax) | |||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| ||||
Constant | -19.286*** (0.617) | -15.547*** (0.943) | -13.350*** (2.524) | -11.486*** (4.065) |
Municipal cadastre (ref: State) | 0.119*** (0.034) | -5.645*** (0.989) | -7.390 (4.531) | 3.395 (6.030) |
log(Total expenditures per capita) | 0.927*** (0.090) | 0.511*** (0.123) | 1.122*** (0.338) | |
log(Municipal capacity PCA) | | | | -0.121 (0.396) |
log(Unconditional transfers per capita) | -0.012 (0.067) | -0.035 (0.067) | -0.429 (0.267) | 0.310 (0.218) |
Mun. marginalization index | 0.258*** (0.012) | 0.259*** (0.012) | 0.316*** (0.034) | 0.315*** (0.037) |
Unemployment | 1.699 (1.616) | 2.010 (1.600) | -9.549*** (3.644) | -9.647*** (3.561) |
log(Population) | 1.299*** (0.026) | 1.293*** (0.026) | 0.727*** (0.154) | 0.901*** (0.276) |
# of muns in state | -0.001*** (0.0001) | -0.001*** (0.0001) | -0.001 (0.001) | -0.001 (0.001) |
log(State GDP per capita) | 0.151*** (0.020) | 0.147*** (0.020) | -0.596*** (0.151) | -0.468*** (0.160) |
Mun. cadastre x log(Total Exp.PC) | | 0.679*** (0.118) | 0.665 (0.524) | |
Mun. cadastre x log(Mun. Capacity PCA) | | | | 1.255** (0.596) |
Mun. cadastre x log(Uncond. Transfers PC) | | | -0.203 (0.355) | 0.057 (0.338) |
Mun. cadastre x (Mun marginalization) | | | -0.130* (0.068) | -0.064 (0.072) |
Mun. cadastre x Unemployment | | | 18.313*** (5.503) | 11.063** (5.295) |
Mun. cadastre x log(Population) | | | 0.697*** (0.202) | -0.238 (0.441) |
Mun. cadastre x Num. Muns. | | | -0.001 (0.001) | -0.001 (0.001) |
Mun. cadastre x log(State GDP PC) | | | 0.805*** (0.198) | 0.737*** (0.188) |
| ||||
Year FE | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| ||||
Observations | 4,354 | 4,354 | 266 | 266 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.797 | 0.800 | 0.825 | 0.806 |
Residual Std. Error | 0.874 | 0.869 | 0.790 | 0.865 |
| ||||
Note: OLS with Robust SE. | *p**p***p<0.01 | |||