防止政治偏頗的責任

戚本盛

近年發展

常見投訴內容

學校與�政治

投訴

專業

Profession

程序

公義

實質

公義

(學校的)社會資本

(學校的)成果累積

認受性

Legitimacy

教育規例的演變

Education Regulations (CAP279A)(1986) Sec 98

(1) No instruction, education, entertainment, recreation or propaganda or activity of any kind which, in the opinion of the Director, is in any way of a political or partly political nature and prejudicial to the public interest or the welfare of the pupils or of education generally or contrary to the approved syllabus, shall be permitted upon any school premises or upon the occasion of any school activity.

(2) No salutes, songs, dances, slogans, uniforms, flags, documents or symbols which, in the opinion of the Director, are in any way of a political or partly political nature shall be used, displayed or worn, as the case may be, upon any school premises or upon the occasion of any school activity except with the permission of the Director and in accordance with such conditions as he may see fit to impose.

(1) No instruction, education, entertainment, recreation or propaganda or activity of any kind which, in the opinion of the Director, is in any way of a political or partly political nature and prejudicial to the public interest or the welfare of the pupils or of education generally or contrary to the approved syllabus, shall be permitted upon any school premises or upon the occasion of any school activity.

(2) No salutes, songs, dances, slogans, uniforms, flags, documents or symbols which, in the opinion of the Director, are in any way of a political or partly political nature shall be used, displayed or worn, as the case may be, upon any school premises or upon the occasion of any school activity except with the permission of the Director and in accordance with such conditions as he may see fit to impose.

https://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/HKHistLaws/1964/328.html

Education Regulations (CAP279A)(2016) Sec 98

(1) No instruction, education, entertainment, recreation or activity of any kind which, in the opinion of the Permanent Secretary, is in any way prejudicial to the welfare of the pupils or to their education generally shall be permitted upon any school premises or upon the occasion of any school or classroom activity.

(2) The Permanent Secretary may give directions in writing or other guidance to the management authority of any school as to the dissemination of information or expression of opinion of a political nature in that school, so as to ensure that that information or opinion is unbiased.

(1) No instruction, education, entertainment, recreation or activity of any kind which, in the opinion of the Permanent Secretary, is in any way prejudicial to the welfare of the pupils or to their education generally shall be permitted upon any school premises or upon the occasion of any school or classroom activity.

(2) The Permanent Secretary may give directions in writing or other guidance to the management authority of any school as to the dissemination of information or expression of opinion of a political nature in that school, so as to ensure that that information or opinion is unbiased.

https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap279A?xpid=ID_1438402924482_001#

Education Regulations (CAP279A)(1986) Sec 92

1. No instruction may be given by any school except in accordance with a syllabus approved by the Director.
6. No person shall use any document for instruction in a class in any school unless particulars of the title, author and publisher of the document and such other particulars of the document as the Director may require have been furnished to the Director not less than 14 days previously.

Education Regulations (CAP279A)(1986) Sec 92

1. No instruction may be given by any school except in accordance with a syllabus approved by the Director.
6. No person shall use any document for instruction in a class in any school unless particulars of the title, author and publisher of the document and such other particulars of the document as the Director may require have been furnished to the Director not less than 14 days previously.

Repealed 1990

專業操守

香港教育專業守則(1995)

對學生的義務

• 與學生討論問題時，應盡量保持客觀。(2.2.13)
• 應鼓勵學生獨立思考作出理性的判斷。(2.2.14)

對公眾的義務

• 當公眾意見分歧時，應教導學生尊重不同的立場和觀點。(2.6.7)
• 應把尊重人權的教育視為要務。(2.6.8)
• 應致力培養學生的自由、和平、平等、理性、民主等意識。(2.6.9)

專業守則 | 教育人員專業操守議會 (edb.org.hk)

防止政治偏頗

個案：家長/校董控告政府偏頗

• 一家長 Dimmock(亦為校董)反對政府向學校分發 An Inconvenient Truth 的DVD，反對向學生播放，認為是政治灌輸，違反 Education Act 1996.
• Dimmock 本身為政黨成員，政黨對「氣候改變」持懷疑觀點。
• 分發有關DVD，為教育部和環境部的政策。

Dimmock v Secretary of State for Education and Skills (2007)

個案

法庭：已註明沒有共識

• 利用科學研究和事實，傳達政治命題，支援政治計劃。
• 備註清楚說明主流觀點，該等觀點和片子觀點有距離。
• 備註解釋懷疑論者的觀點，該等觀點和氣候變化的觀點不同。

Dimmock v Secretary of State for Education and Skills (2007)

法庭：平衡≠相同比重

• 相反觀點+平衡介紹。
• 平衡介紹≠�另類觀點相同份量。
• 播放有關片子是合法的(在提供平衡資訊後)。

Dimmock v Secretary of State for Education and Skills (2007)

教育規例279A章98條

• 任何類別的授課、教育、娛樂、康樂或活動，如是常任秘書長認為在任何方面對學生福利或一般教育有所損害者，均不得准許在任何校舍內或在任何學校或課室活動中進行。

• 常任秘書長可就任何學校傳播政治性資料或表達政治性意見方面，向該校的管理當局給予書面指示或其他指引，以確保該等資料或意見並無偏頗。

https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap279A?xpid=ID_1438402924545_003

思考(以曼聯為例)

討論：以下是否均衡而充份？

• 教學目標：曼聯是否最優秀的球隊？
• 判別優秀球隊標準=歷史、成績、球星
• 資料：曼聯前身為紐頓希夫LYR，成立於1878年。多年來共取得英國及國際比賽冠軍或優秀名次如下……。歷年旗下球星如雲，包括……。2020年10月4日，以1:6大敗於熱刺腳下。

偏頗 v 充份+均衡

1. 曼聯是最優秀的，�英超不能沒有曼聯。
2. 曼聯很優秀，曼城和阿仙奴同樣很優秀。
3. 英超自1992成立以來則有49支隊伍參賽過，其中曼聯得過13次冠軍，成績最厲害。

5. 曼聯是最優秀的。
6. 英超眾多隊伍中，試問有哪隊成績比得上曼聯？
7. 歷年只有7個球會得過英超冠軍，當中最犀利的曼聯稱冠次數最多，共13次，其次的車路時和曼城各得過5次。

請學生(政治)表態 v 教育目的

1. 1. 支持曼聯的請舉手 2. 不支持曼聯的請舉手。
2. 1. 不支持曼聯的請舉手 2. 支持曼聯的請舉手。
3. 支持或不支持的都請舉手
4. 不用說自己的看法，只討論以下問題：�1. 有些人支持曼聯，是甚麼原因？這些原因是否合理？�2. 有些人不支持曼聯，是甚麼原因？這些原因是否合理？

延伸個案

• 學校安排直播基本法委員會主任李飛的基本法研討會演講，有學生要求老師提供「討論資料」不果後離席，並沒有完成相關工作紙，年終成績表被註明「曠課2節」及「欠交作業」。

• 小五常識科教授「一國兩制」時，有學生拿出一張「雪山獅子旗」的打印本，說「西藏人和我們不同，他們不是中國人。」然後又問「為何英國要把香港交給中國？香港為何不獨立？」老師說：「獨立是不對的。」

個案

Mayer v. Monroe County Community School Corp. �(7th Cir. 2007)

參：教師言論自由的問題

個案

謝謝

戚本盛

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