ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

(3110007)

Dr Ujas Pandya

Assistant Professor

GEC Gandhinagar

Environmental Science

(3110007)

Teaching Scheme

Module

or

Topics

1. Introduction to Environment
2. Environmental Pollution

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• Water Pollution
• Air Pollution
• Noise Pollution
• Solid Waste Management
• E –Waste : Generation and Management

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• Global Environmental Issues
• Basic Concept of Green

Building and Smart Cities

3. Concept of 4 R’s

04

Teaching Hrs and Module Weightage

Course Outcomes (CO)

Identify the types of pollution in society along with their sources

Realize the global environmental issues

Conceptualize the principles of Green Buildings and Smart cities

Implement the concept of recycle and reuse in all fields of engineering

CONTENTS

CHAPTER:1

Introduction to Environment

1.7 Environmental Pollution

• Definition: The Term Environment is derived from French word “ Environment” that means to encircle or surround.

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• External surroundings and conditions which directly or indirectly affects the living organisms

Two types:

Biotic (Living things) Abiotic (non living things)

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• Biotic Environment is made up of all living organisms (plants, animals and microorganisms) including their reactions, interactions and interrelated actions.
• Abiotic Environment (Physical Environment): it is composed of external physical factors like temperature, humidity, water, soil gases, minerals etc.

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1.1 ENVIRONMNET

• Ecology: The Term Ecology is derived from two words “ oikos” meaning house, habitation or place of living and “ logos” means to study.

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• Definition: It is the study of the interrelationship between living organisms and their physical and biological environment.

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• Physical environment: light or heat, solar radiation, wind, oxygen in soil, water and atmosphere.
• Biological : organisms of all kind , plants, animals

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• Ecosystem: made up of two words “ eco” means environment and “ system” means interacting and interdependent complex.

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• Definition: The organisms of any community besides interacting among themselves, always have functional relationship with the environment. This structural and functional system of communities and environment is called ecosystem.

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1.2 ECOLOGY 1.3 ECOSYSTEM

HIERARCHEY OF ECOLOGY LEVELS

Difference between EGO and ECO which creates unbalanced ecosystem which leads to Environmental pollutions and ultimately it will harmful to all living things and non living things that is whole ecosystem.

1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

2

3

It involves multidisciplinary interacting disciplines.

It involves biology, botany, zoology, microbiology, biotechnology etc.

Basic concepts of physics, Chemistry, Geology, Oceanography helps to know physical and chemical structure

4

5

Mathematics, statistics, computer science act as effective tool for environmental modelling and management.

Sociology and Economics helps us to understood socio-economics aspects involved with environmental activities.

6

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT

1.5 COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT

Components of Environment:

Environment mainly consists of atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. But it can be roughly divided into two types such as (a) Micro environment and (b) Macro environment. It can also be divided into two other types such as (c) Physical and (d) biotic environment.

(a) Micro environment refers to the immediate local surrounding of the organism.

(b) Macro environment refers to all the physical and biotic conditions that surround the organism externally.

(c) Physical environment refers to all abiotic factors or conditions like temperature, light, rainfall, soil, minerals etc. It comprises of atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere.

(d) Biotic environment includes all biotic factors or living forms like plants, animals, Micro-organisms.

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1) Atmosphere:

• The cover of the air, that envelopes the earth is known as the atmosphere. Atmosphere is a thin layer which contains gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide etc. and which protects the solid earth and human beings from the harmful radiations of the sun.

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• Major gases Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Argon (0.9-1.0%) and Carbon dioxide.

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• There are five concentric layers within the atmosphere, which can be differentiated on the basis of temperature and each layer has its own characteristics.

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• These include the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere and the exosphere

1

2

3

4

5

Structure of Atmosphere:

Troposhere

Lower portion of atmosphere. Extends up to 8 km at poles and 16 km at equator. Temperature decreases at the rate of 5-7⁰ C/km.

Stratosphere

It is above troposphere extends upto 50-55 km. upto 20km temp. remains constant than increases with increase with height.( Ozone layer)

Mesosphere

Layer above stratosphere. Extends up to 80 km. temp. decreases slowly with altitude but upto -75⁰ C.

Thermosphere

Temp. increases with height. Due to absorption of solar energy. (Charged particles knowns as ionosphere)

Exosphere

Above the ionosphere. Extends up to 2000km above the earth(very high temp.>1200⁰ C.

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2) Hydrosphere

Called as Water Environment.

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70% of earth covered by water

Available in seas, oceans, rivers glaciers etc.

Hydrosphere contains 1360 million cubic km of water (97% in oceans and seas, 2& glaciers)

Only 1% available as fresh water for human consumption.

Save water

3) Lithosphere

Outer soil crust of the earth known as lithosphere

Living organisms, plant and vegetation supported by it.

It contains resources like minerals organic as well as inorganic matter.

Plays an important role for food production.

Decomposition of organic waste carried out by microorganisms of soil.

Save Earth

4) Biosphere

Save Environment

1.7 Environmental Pollution

1.7 Environmental Pollution

• Environmental Pollution can be defined as any undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of any components of the environment( Air, water, soil) which can cause harmful effects on various forms of life or property.

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• Pollutant is any substance released into the environment as a result of human activity or natural processes that has an adverse impact on living organisms.

TYPES

OF

POLLUTION

1. Air Pollution
2. Water Pollution
3. Noise Pollution
4. Land Pollution

Other types of Pollution

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1. Light Pollution
2. Thermal Pollution
3. Radioactive pollution
4. Plastic Pollution ( new)

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Causes of Man made environmental Pollution :

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1. Rapid Industrialization

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• Population Growth

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• Unplanned Urbanization

Rapid Industrialization

Population Growth

Unplanned Urbanization

Environmental degradation is defined as the overall lowering of environmental qualities due to the damages caused by both natural events and human activities in the basic structure of environment, which is adversely affecting all living organisms including man.

Alarming rate pf population growth followed by increasing standard of living has put excessive pressure on all natural resources.

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Examples Of natural events :Volcanic eruption, forest fires earthquakes, floods

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Examples o human activities: Forest fire, releases of toxic gases from automobiles, power plants and various industries.

Environmental Degradation

Environmental Degradation

P

P

To study the factors influencing ecosystems, mental and physical health, living and working conditions and pollution

To increase awareness and sensitivity of total environment

To improve attitude towards environment

To Increase knowledge of environment

To provide motivation for environmental protection

To increase participation and to develop a sense of responsibility and urgency regarding environmental problems and take actions to solve the problems

Realizing the importance of environmental education the supreme court of india has directed all national organizations like UGC which regulated higher education in India to offer environmental education as a paper in the curriculam or syllabus of various degree courses.

1.9.1. Sustainable Development

It is the development that meets the needs of the present without jeopardizing the needs of future generations.

• Over increasing population
• Rapid Industrialization
• Environmental Degradation
• Ecological Imbalance

Defination

Reasons

• Control of pollution
• More n more use of renewable energy
• Recycling and reuse concept
• Using cleaner fuel technologies

Steps to be taken

Tools

• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
• Environmental Management systems (EMS)

e.g. ISO 14001

Waste Management

Water Supply

Solid Waste Disposal

Land Management

Industrial Hygiene

Toxic Material Control

Storm water Management

Public Health and Safety

Radiation Protection

Air Pollution and Air quality control

Working with public safety board

Advocates for Environmental policies

Environmental Science

Multi disciplinary Subject

Mechanical Engineering

Automobile Engineering

Civil Engineering

Electrical Engineering

Instrumentation and Control Engineering

Computer and IT

Biomedical Engineering

Metallurgy

THANK YOU