Miles Hermann
Geography teacher
Ysgol Gyfun Gwent Is Coed
Session 1 - Revision October 2023
Global Cities
Theme 2.3
Contents |
2.3.1 what are the global urbanisation patterns? |
2.3.2 What are the consequences of urbanisation in two global cities? Addis Abba, Ethiopia London UK |
2.3.3 How are global cities connected to one another? |
Beth yw Trefoli? What is Urbanisation?
Urbanisation is a processes whereby urban areas grow in area and grow in population. Today, 55% of people live in urban areas with an estimated 68% in 2050 (UN, 2023)
Urbanisation happens as a result of
What is a mega-city
Cities vary in size. Cities with a population over 10 million are classified as a mega-city. In 2015, there were 28 mega-cities globally.
The urban population is expected to rise. It is expected to rise from 3.9 billion in 2014 to 6 billion in 2045. The greatest rise is to be expected in India, China and Nigeria. However, it will not be the mega-cities that will rise most but the cities with a population under 500,000. Some of the worlds fastest growing cities are in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.
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Possible Question
Success Criteria - Describe |
Trends - general ppatern |
Increase/ Decrease (Maximum/ Minimum) |
Data |
Exemplar
We can see from the graph the urban population is increasing from 1950 to 2015. We can see the minimum popualtion was in 1950 with 800 million to the maximum population of 4 billion in 2015.
Describe the distribution of the global mega-cities [3]
Success Criteria
Calculate :
ii) the change in overall population of New York from 1950 to 2010 [1]
(ii) the change in overall population of Tokyo from 1950 to 2010[1]
(iii) the overall population of mega-cities in Asia in 1950? Show calculations.
[2]
(iv) The mean population of mega-cities in Asia in 1950? Show calculations.[2]
(iv) ]The mean population of mega-cities in Asia in 2010? Show calculations.[2]
What is a global city?
Every city has a regional influence. They work with the area that surrounds them for example:
However, some cities have more influence than others. Global cities are cities that interact with other places on a global scale.
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The Globalization Research Network and World Cities have identified over 300 cities that have links to other parts of the world.
The UK has 13 global cities. London is in 1st place but next is Manchester at 78th. Cardiff is ranked 248th.
Example Practice
Give one reason why some cities are becoming global cities [2]
Reason + Development
(Therefore, because, thus)
Migration and Culture
Government and decision making e.g TNCs
Trade and Finance
Transport Hubs
Ideas and information e.g BBC, universities
Case Study 1 – City in a low income country LIC, Addis Ababa in Ethiopia
Addis Ababa is the capital city of Ethiopia. In 2015 there was an urban population of 19.5% in Ethiopia. Despite a relatively low percentage, the urbanisation rate is 4.9% annually.
Describe the location of Addis Ababa. [3]
Success Criteria
What are the reasons for the rise in population/ what are the consequences?
Poverty - rural unemployment
Little education
Lacking access to clean water
Job opportunities
Educational opportunities
Access to clean water and sanitation
Access to health care
Informal economy/informal work - around 50% of Ethiopia’s urban population
Key Term
Informal Economy - Irregular jobs where you don't have to pay taxes and there are no rights for workers - examples include washing shoes or collecting rubbish
Live in shanty town’s/slums, poor living conditions - 100,000 people on the streets of Addis Ababa
Crime, gangs, stealing
Over population, high population density increased risk of spread of disease
Jobs available - can earn an income
Health care - can access health care if needed NGOs provide better access
Children can receive an education, little barriers in order to get to school all are a local distance
Rural-Urban Migration
Push Factor
Pull Factor
Consequences of Urbanisation
Negative Consequences
Positive consequences
What are the challenges facing Addis Ababa?
Study the photographs on the screen? What problems / challenges are facing cities in low income countries like Addis Ababa?
Possible question
Suggest one problem with living in a settlement like this? [Use evidence from the photograph]
One of the most important issues for the residents of Addis Ababa is finding affordable housing to live in. There are 630,000 homes in Addis Ababa and over 385,000 are rented. Rent prices have increased significantly and therefore people have to live in smaller homes that are located further from the city centre. The authorities and the government are trying to upgrade the slums.
Over 1 million people have registered for one of the government's housing schemes. The 10/90 scheme targets the poorest people and has received over 800,000 registrations, while the 40/60 scheme is aimed at the middle class and has received 160,000 registrations.
This is a photo of a construction site that is part of the 40/60 plan in Addis Ababa
'Habitat for Humanity Ethiopia' (HFHE) is a UK charity that believes that everyone in the world should have somewhere safe and clean to live. Since 1993 they have built homes in 11 communities in Addis Ababa. Families take part in a self-help scheme and do around 65% of the construction work on the homes of community members under the supervision of architects.
Most Ethiopian homes have been designed in the 'Chika' style which has walls of mud, sticks and straw, and which can easily collapse. The homes are cramped, with dirt floors, no windows and are exposed to the weather and insects. Poor ventilation for cooking stoves causes breathing problems and 90% of homes do not have access to sanitation (hygiene) and 73% do not have a clean water supply which leads to serious diseases.
Electricity Supply
Another problem in Addis Ababa is the constant disruption to the electricity supply. Although Ethiopia sells electricity to Djibouti (80% of the country's needs) and Sudan, it continues to lack uninterrupted supply to the urban area of Addis Ababa.
Health and Poverty
The 'AMREF Health Africa' scheme in the Kechene slum seeks to improve health standards by providing access to clean water and hygiene services to the residents
Kechene slum is located 4km north of the center of Addis Ababa.
For years in Kechene, HIV has been a taboo topic. AMREF holds weekly meetings which have helped to reduce the stigma associated with HIV and have led to an increase in the number of the population being tested for HIV.
HIV epidemic
What challenges are facing Addis Abba?
Challenege e.g Climate Change
Explanation e.g Temperature rising
Futher explanation and example e.e Drought and seasons of flooding, people lack access to clean water already however this with exacerbate things.
Possible Question
Explain the challenges facing one global city in a low/middle income country [6]
iii)
I can see in the picture a railway moving through the slums which are very close to the people's houses and obviously cause safety problems and can mean possible injuries.
The picture shows houses with a high population density, this can mean that diseases will spread quickly as a result of this high density. As a result of the diseases spreading it can mean a high death rate and a high infant death rate in this area.
Case Study – City in a High Income Country, London, United Kingdom
In 2015 82.6% of the UK population lived in towns and cities.
London is the capital of the United Kingdom. Its population is 8.9 million, and it is the largest city in Europe and the sixth richest in the world. London's annual growth rate is 1.2% (100,000 people per year).
1. Describe the location of London [3]
Urbanisation to London, UK
Push factors
Pull Factors
Effects
Negative
Positive
What are the reasons for London's population growth?
London's population has increased significantly since 1800.
London's population has increased because:
Homelessness in London
Success Criteria
What is globalization?
Globalization is the process by which the world is becoming more connected as a result of the increase in:
This means that flows of people, ideas, money and goods create a worldwide web that connects people and places
How does trade connect global cities?
Trade has promoted globalization and increased the production of goods and services because there are large companies known as multinational corporations (multinational companies) with branches in a number of countries. McDonalds is a large US multinational corporation with 30,000 restaurants in 119 countries. When a foreign company invests in a country e.g. by building a factory, this is called inward investment.
The factors that attract multinational corporations to a country are:
Several key factors have influenced the process of globalisation:
How does trade connect global cities?
How does transport / transport connect global cities?
Suggest two reasons how global cities are connected [4]
Success Criteria
Sample answer
Trade + export and import as a result of businesses interacting e.g TNC as McDonalds
Transport + International airports e.g. Heathrow means the cities are well connected where it is easy to travel from one global city to another within a day
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