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Chained Moonshot

An Introduction to the Fast Path

Supra Research Team

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The Blockchain

A distributed system working together to agree on the next block to add to the blockchain

Blockchain-Based State Machine Replication (SMR)

CONSENSUS

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Partially Synchronous Network

Byzantine Faults

Static Adversary

Problem Setting

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Correctness

Safety

No forks

Liveness

Doesn’t halt

Node 1

Node 2

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Single-Shot Two-Phase Commit�Consensus Protocol

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Leader broadcasts proposal

Leader

Node 2

Node 3

Node 4

Two-Phase Commit

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Prepare votes

Leader broadcasts proposal

Leader

Node 2

Node 3

Node 4

Two-Phase Commit

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Prepare QC

Prepare votes

Leader broadcasts proposal

Leader

Node 2

Node 3

Node 4

Two-Phase Commit

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Commit votes

Prepare votes

Leader broadcasts proposal

Prepare QC

Commit QC

Leader

Node 2

Node 3

Node 4

Two-Phase Commit

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Blockchain-Based Two-Phase�Commit SMR Protocol

BB-2PC

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Node 1

Node 2

Node 3

Node 4

BB-2PC

Commit votes

Prepare votes

Leader�broadcasts proposal

Commit votes

Prepare votes

Leader�broadcasts proposal

Commit QC

Prepare QC

Commit QC

Prepare QC

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Blockchain-Based Two-Phase Commit with

Vote Aggregators and QC Chaining

Jolteon

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Leader 1 broadcasts B1

Leader

Node 2

Node 3

Node 4

Jolteon

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Leader 1 broadcasts B1

Send votes�for B1 to Leader 2

Node 1

Leader 2

Leader 3

Node 4

Jolteon

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Leader 1 broadcasts B1

Send votes�for B1 to Leader 2

Form B1 QC

Node 1

Leader 2

Leader 3

Node 4

Jolteon

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Leader 1 broadcasts B1

Leader 2�broadcasts B2 + B1 QC

Send votes�for B1 to Leader 2

Form B1 QC

Node 1

Leader 2

Leader 3

Node 4

Jolteon

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Leader 1 broadcasts B1

Leader 2�broadcasts B2 + B1 QC

Send votes�for B1 to Leader 2

Lock B1

Node 1

Leader 2

Leader 3

Node 4

Jolteon

Form B1 QC

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Lock B1

Leader 1 broadcasts B1

Send votes�for B1 to Leader 2

Leader 2�broadcasts B2 + B1 QC

Send votes�for B2 to Leader 3

Node 1

Node 2

Leader 3

Node 4

Jolteon

Form B1 QC

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Form B1 QC

Lock B1

Form B2 QC

Leader 1 broadcasts B1

Send votes�for B1 to Leader 2

Leader 2�broadcasts B2 + B1 QC

Send votes�for B2 to Leader 3

Node 1

Node 2

Leader 3

Node 4

Jolteon

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Form B2 QC

Leader 1 broadcasts B1

Send votes�for B1 to Leader 2

Leader 2�broadcasts B2 + B1 QC

Send votes�for B2 to Leader 3

Leader 3�broadcasts B3 +B2 QC

Node 1

Node 2

Leader 3

Node 4

Jolteon

Form B1 QC

Lock B1

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Leader 1 broadcasts B1

Send votes�for B1 to Leader 2

Leader 2�broadcasts B2 + B1 QC

Send votes�for B2 to Leader 3

Leader 3�broadcasts B3 +B2 QC

Commit B1�Lock B2

Node 1

Node 2

Leader 3

Node 4

Jolteon

Form B1 QC

Lock B1

Form B2 QC

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Leader 1 broadcasts B1

Send votes�for B1 to Leader 2

Leader 2�broadcasts B2 + B1 QC

Send votes�for B2 to Leader 3

Leader 3�broadcasts B3 +B2 QC

Commit B1�Lock B2

Node 1

Node 2

Leader 3

Node 4

Jolteon

Form B2 QC

Lock B1

Form B1 QC

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Blockchain-Based Two-Phase Commit with QC Chaining and Proposal Pipelining

Chained Moonshot

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Propose B1 -> B0

Leader

Node 2

Node 3

Node 4

Chained Moonshot

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Prepare votes for B1

Propose B2 -> B1

Propose B1 -> B0

Node 1

Leader 2

Leader 3

Node 4

Chained Moonshot

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Linear communication complexity is not worth the extra hop.

OUR CONTENTION

Leader 1 broadcasts B1

Send votes�for B1 to Leader 2

Leader 2�broadcasts B2 + B1 QC

Send votes�for B2 to Leader 3

Leader 3�broadcasts B3 +B2 QC

Form B1 QC

Lock B1

Commit B1�Lock B2

Form B2 QC

Node 1

Node 2

Leader 4

Node 3

Jolteon

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Prepare votes for B1

Node 1

Node 2

Leader 3

Node 4

Propose B2 -> B1

Propose B1 -> B0

Lock B1

Chained Moonshot

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Propose B2 -> B1

Propose B1 -> B0

Prepare votes for B1

Lock B1

Prepare votes for B2

Propose B3 -> B2

Node 1

Node 2

Leader 3

Node 4

Chained Moonshot

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Propose B2 -> B1

Propose B1 -> B0

Prepare votes for B1

Lock B1

Prepare votes for B2

Propose B3 -> B2

Lock B2

Commit B1

Node 1

Node 2

Leader 3

Node 4

Chained Moonshot

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Propose B4 -> B3

Prepare votes for B3

Propose B3 -> B2

Propose B2 -> B1

Propose B1 -> B0

Prepare votes for B2

Prepare votes for B1

Lock B2

Commit B1

Lock B1

Node 1

Node 2

Leader 4

Node 3

Chained Moonshot

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Propose B4 -> B3

Lock B3

Commit B2

Prepare votes for B3

Propose B3 -> B2

Propose B2 -> B1

Propose B1 -> B0

Prepare votes for B2

Prepare votes for B1

Lock B2

Commit B1

Lock B1

Node 1

Node 2

Leader 4

Node 3

Chained Moonshot

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Propose B4 -> B3

Lock B3

Commit B2

Prepare votes for B3

Propose B3 -> B2

Propose B2 -> B1

Propose B1 -> B0

Prepare votes for B2

Prepare votes for B1

Lock B2

Commit B1

Lock B1

Node 1

Node 2

Leader 4

Node 3

Chained Moonshot

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Protocol

Communication Complexity

Block Finalization Latency

Block Period

Chained Moonshot

O(n ²)

3𝛿

𝛿

Protocol Comparison

BB-2PC

Jolteon

O(n ²)

O(n)

3𝛿

5𝛿

3𝛿

2𝛿

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Experimental Results

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Variables

Network size

10, 50, 100, 200

validators

Block size

From 1.8kB to 18MB

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Network Configuration

10, 50 nodes�5 Regions

us-east-1, us-west-1, eu-north-1, ap-northeast-1, ap-southeast-2

100, 200 nodes�20 Regions

us-east-1, us-east-2, us-west-1, us-west-2, ap-east-1, ap-south-1, ap-northeast-1, ap-northeast-2, ap-northeast-3, ap-southeast-1, ap-southeast-2, ap-southeast-3, ca-central-1, eu-central-1, eu-west-1, eu-west-2, eu-west-3, eu-north-1, eu-south-1, me-south-1

Regions

Provider

Nodes (m5.xlarge)

16GB RAM

4 vCPUs

Up to 10 Gigabit bandwidth

AWS

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Constants

Target Runtime

300 seconds

Participants

All honest

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Block Throughput

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60

50

40

30

1800

18000

180000

4500000

20

9000000

18000000

Payload size (Bytes)

Improvement (%)

1800000

10 Nodes

Chained Moonshot Throughput Improvement Over Jolteon

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80

60

40

1800

18000

180000

4500000

20

9000000

18000000

Payload size (Bytes)

Improvement (%)

1800000

10 Nodes

50 Nodes

Chained Moonshot Throughput Improvement Over Jolteon

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80

60

40

1800

18000

180000

4500000

20

9000000

18000000

Payload size (Bytes)

Improvement (%)

1800000

10 Nodes

50 Nodes

100 Nodes

Chained Moonshot Throughput Improvement Over Jolteon

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80

60

40

1800

18000

180000

4500000

20

9000000

18000000

Payload size (Bytes)

Improvement (%)

1800000

Chained Moonshot Throughput Improvement Over Jolteon

10 Nodes

50 Nodes

100 Nodes

200 Nodes

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Block Finalization Latency

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1800

18000

180000

4500000

9000000

18000000

Payload size (Bytes)

Improvement (%)

1800000

Chained Moonshot Latency Improvement Over Jolteon

60

50

40

30

20

10 Nodes

50 Nodes

100 Nodes

200 Nodes

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Data Transfer Rate

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10000

100000

1000000

Throughout (B/s)

Latency (ms)

10000000

1000

500

100

10000

5000

50000

Chained Moonshot (200 nodes)

Jolteon (100 nodes)

Jolteon (200 nodes)

Chained Moonshot (50 nodes)

Chained Moonshot (100 nodes)

Jolteon (50 nodes)

Chained Moonshot (10 nodes)

Jolteon (10 nodes)

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Benefits Over Jolteon

Average Improvement to Block Throughput

Average Improvement to Block Finalisation Latency

41.1%

54.9%

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More to come…

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Resources

Moonshot Whitepaper�https://supraoracles.com/docs/SupraOracles-Moonshot-Whitepaper.pdf

PBFT�https://pmg.csail.mit.edu/papers/osdi99.pdf

Tendermint�https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.04938.pdf

HotStuff �https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3293611.3331591

Jolteon and Ditto�https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.10362.pdf

Facebook Research Narwhal-HS Implementation�https://github.com/facebookresearch/narwhal/tree/narwhal-hs

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From the Supra Research Team

Thank You