1 of 28

Teacher / Student Notes: (have this slide on the screen when students arrive to class)

This class will cover the early to mid-1800s.

Brief Review (1400s to mid-1800s)

10,000+ BP to 1400s AD – Indigenous cultures dominate western hemisphere
1492 to 1600s – Spanish conquer much of the Americas
1600s – English (British), French, Dutch and other Europeans start to settle in North America
1776 – Founding of the United States of America
1787 to 1791 – Constitution ratified
1817 to 1825 – Era of Good Feelings
Early 1800s to mid-1800s, Market Revolution
1828-1836 – the Age of Jackson

* Please note, in this series of American history PPTs, it will refer to Jefferson’s political party as Democratic-Republicans; other names include Jeffersonian-Republicans or just Republicans (not to be confused with the Republicans of today)

This is the tenth lesson in a series of 30. If you are interested in other lessons like this, please visit the Lessons in Humanities TpT Store: https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Lessons-In-Humanities/Category/American-Yawp-451222

2 of 28

3 of 28

Teacher / Student Notes:

Timeline (follows AP US History Timeline #4: 1800-1848)

Difficult to remember all the dates and events in American history; makes it easier to ”chunk” history into different periods
Between 1800 and 1848, the United States expanded more and more into the west until it reached the Pacific Ocean
1800 is when the Revolution of 1800 took place (i.e., Election of 1800). After years of difficulties forming a new government, the peaceful transition from a Federalist president, John Adams, to a Democratic-Republican president, Thomas Jefferson, became known as the Revolution of 1800. Unlike other transitions of power in history, this transition was peaceful.
1848 is the Mexican American War. This war was significant because it greatly increased the size of the United States and reignited the slavery question: Should the new states be free states or slave states? This would ultimately lead to the American Civil War.

4 of 28

The presidents during the years of religious revivalism and reform included Thomas Jefferson (3), James Madison (4), James Monroe (5), John Quincy Adams (6), Andrew Jackson (7), Martin Van Buren (8), William Henry Harrison (9), and John Tyler (10).

5 of 28

6 of 28

7 of 28

Great Change �in Early 1800s

Economic

Political

Social

Demographic

Territorial

8 of 28

Americans searched �for comfort in times �of uncertainty

9 of 28

Second Great Awakening

Awakened religious zeal
Protestant revivalist preachers travelled on horseback from town to town
Religious revivals / camp meetings
Idea of spiritual egalitarianism
Sparked other reform movements

Teacher / Student Notes:

Second Great Awakening

Note: First Great Awakening (1730s to 1740s) was a religious revival that took place while America belonged to Britain. New Denominations would emerge (e.g., Methodism). Major figures from the First Great Awakening included George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards. There will also be a Third Great Awakening (1850s to 1900) which will be marked with further religious activism).

Awakened religious zeal
Protestant revivalist preachers travelled on horseback from town to town

Helped spread Christianity

Compare that to today where Christianity is influential around the U.S.

Religious revivals / camp meetings

Inside, outside, everywhere
Drew massive crowds
Sometimes people shouted, fainted, cried, spoke in tongue (like First Great Awakening)

Idea of spiritual egalitarianism

Gave African Americans hope

Note: Started in Kentucky/Tennessee area, but many revivalist meetings took place in New York (became known as the “Burned-District” because so many revivals from different religious groups took place that they were no more souls to awaken to the fire of spiritual conversion)

10 of 28

Teacher / Student Notes:

Genealogy of Christian Churches

Note: Not all historians or theologians agree with origins of all denominations. The mapped tree in this slide is simplified and meant to show how the different denominations formed over time.

Few Points of Interest: Protestantism is the dominate religion in the United States.

The Jamestown settlers were most Anglican (1600s)
The Puritans in New England were mostly Calvinists (1600s)
When Roger Williams founded Rhode Island, he opened the first Baptist Church (1600s)
Puritans would become less strict over the early decades; Congregationalism and Puritanism is related

Congregationalist started in England in the 1500s
Puritans moved from the idea of predestination to people taking responsibility for their salvation

Anglican is the religion of England (i.e., Church of England)
During the First Great Awakening (mid-1700s), Methodism was formed (mostly originating from Anglicanism)
The Episcopalian Church formed after the American Revolution; they separated from the Church of England
During the Second Great Awakening (1800s), Methodists and Baptists greatly expanded in membership

11 of 28

Methodists

Started during First Great Awakening

Idea that salvation was available for everybody

Teachings of John Wesley and George Whitefield
Most successful during Second Great Awakening

34% church membership by 1850

Used circuit riders to spread message �to western frontier
African Methodist Episcopal Church founded

Teacher / Student Notes:

Methodists

Started during First Great Awakening

Idea that salvation was available to everybody

Contrast this to the original Calvinist idea of predestination that people were predestined to have salvation (in other words, their believes or actions did not bring them salvation)
Note: Puritans (from the 1600s) were Calvinists; Calvinism would evolve into what we today call Congregationalists; they would also move away from predestination

Methodism comes from teachings of John Wesley and George Whitefield

These were two major figures during the First Great Awakening

Most successful during Second Great Awakening

34% church membership by 1850 (massive growth over a period of 50 years)
Note: In a 2014 Pew Research Survey, 10% of Christians are Methodists (33% are Baptists, and 1% are Congregationalists)

Used circuit riders to spread message to western frontier

Hard to reach those settlers moving to the west
Mapped out locations throughout the West
Went to homes, churches, town meetings, etc.

Helped spread Christianity

African Methodist Episcopal Church founded

First independent Protestant denomination founded by black people

Picture Description

John Wesley preaching to Native Americans in the 1730s

12 of 28

Baptists

Origins trace back to 1600s
Roger William of Rhode Island opened the first Baptist Church (1638)
Baptists churches greatly increased during Second Great Awakening
Today, Baptists is the largest Protestant denomination

13 of 28

Church of Latter-day Saints (Mormons)

Joseph Smith visited by angels directed him to golden plates that told of God's dealings with the former inhabitants of the American continent
Smith recorded the text from the golden plates in the Book of Mormon
Missionaries sent throughout the U.S., Britain, and Ireland
Mormons not accepted by Protestants
Moved from New York, to Ohio, to Missouri, to Illinois, to Utah
Smith would be killed by a mob

Teacher / Student Notes:

Mormonism

Joseph Smith grew up in New England area where there were many Second Great Awakening revivals
Joseph Smith received a message from God and Jesus to not join existing churches, that they were wrong
Joseph Smith visited by angels directed him to golden plates that told of God's dealings with the former inhabitants of the American continent (ancient Christian civilizations in America)

The Angels guided Smith to golden plates where the message was written in a reformed Egyptian text; Smith translated the golden plates with the help of God

Smith recorded the text from the golden plates into the Book of Mormon (in addition to the Bible, the Book of Mormon is the sacred text for Mormons)
Missionaries sent throughout the U.S., Britain, and Ireland
Not accepted by Protestants
Moved from New York, to Ohio, to Missouri, to Illinois, to Utah

They were forced to leave

Smith would be killed by a mob

Note: A select group within the Mormons practiced polygamy. Joseph Smith was said to have married 30 women.

Picture Description

This is the Salt Lake City Temple. A large community of Mormons live in Utah today.

14 of 28

Some movements challenged the orthodoxy of Protestantism

15 of 28

Unitarians

Related to the Protestant Reformation �in the 1500s
Became more prominent in the United States during the Second Great Awakening
Believed Jesus was more a savior, not deity
1836 – Formed the Transcendental Club

16 of 28

Transcendentalism (1830s-1850s)

Philosophical, spiritual, artistic expression, and literary movement
Challenged Protestant orthodoxy
Criticized conformity
Questioned God
Questioned government’s relationship to religion
Individualism; self-sufficiency
Oneness with nature

17 of 28

Henry David Thoreau (Transcendentalist)

Abolitionist
Nonviolent action
Civil Disobedience
Citizens should not recognize a government that passes unjust laws
Simple living

Teacher / Student Notes:

Henry David Thoreau (Transcendentalist)

Many notable Transcendentalist:

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Wrote: “Self-Reliance” and “Nature”

Margaret Fuller

Journalists and women right’s advocate

Henry David Thoreau was another famous transcendentalist

Wrote: Walden and Civil Disobedience
Lived in the woods near Walden Pond for two years to live the simple life in nature

Abolitionist

Transcendentalists were against slavery

Nonviolent action

Believed in resisting government but doing it without violence
Mahatma Gandhi (late 1800s to early 1900s) was influenced by Thoreau
Martin Luther King (during Civil Rights movement in the 1960s) was influenced by Thoreau

Civil Disobedience

Act of refusing to obey commands (or laws) in return for change

Citizens should not recognize a government that passes unjust laws
Simple living

18 of 28

I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was no life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practice resignation, unless it was quite necessary. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was not life, to cut a broad swath and shave close, to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms, and, if it proved to be mean, why then to get the whole and genuine meanness of it, and publish its meanness to the world; or if it were sublime, to know it by experience, and be able to give a true account of it in my next excursion. For most men, it appears to me, are in a strange uncertainty about it, whether it is of the devil or of God, and have somewhat hastily concluded that is the chief end of man here to “glorify God and enjoy him forever.”

Teacher / Student Notes:

Primary Source / Interactive Activity

Henry David Thoreau lived near Walden Pond for two years. His experiences are documented in his book Walden which was written in 1854.

Read the excerpt, then answer the following questions in pairs.

Why did Thoreau live in isolation in the woods for two years?
What evidence in the text can you use to show that Thoreau was a Transcendentalist?
Was Thoreau’s time in the woods a religious experience? Explain.

19 of 28

The Second Great Awakening and philosophical movements influenced reform in the United States

20 of 28

Temperance Movement

Alcohol seen as a great threat to society
Women often abused by drunk husbands; hence, women very active in Temperance Movement
Whiskey was available and cheap (and often safer than water)
Increased tension between classes

Middle classes enforced their views on lower classes (e.g., Irish workers)

1826 – American Temperance Society
1840s – Americans drank half of what they did in 1820s

21 of 28

Anti-Slavery & Abolitionism

Anti-slavery sentiments has been around since the 1700s
Argued for gradual emancipation (like in the North) and expatriation of freed slaves to Africa
Mid-1800s, changed to immediate emancipation and no expatriation
Hundreds of anti-slavery societies developed
Anti-slavery pamphlets spread

22 of 28

Anti-Slavery & Abolitionism

1830s – Anti-slavery movement grew rapidly
1840s – Anti-slavery movement shifted from reform to resistance
1850s – Anti-slavery more pronounced

Abolitionists were still in the minority

Mobs attacked abolitionists, printing presses, and meeting places

Teacher / Student Notes:

Anti-Slavery and Abolitionism

1830s – Anti-slavery movement grew rapidly
1840s – Anti-slavery movement shifted from reform to resistance

Didn’t turn in runaway slaves; helped slaves escape to the north

1850s – Anti-slavery more pronounced

1861 – beginning of the Civil War

Abolitionists were still in the minority

Mobs attacked abolitionists, printing presses, and meeting places
Abolitionists blamed for Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)

Note: One prominent abolitionist from this era was William Lloyd Garrison. He was an social reformer, abolitionist, and suffragist. He once believed in gradual emancipation and expatriation of freed slaves, but he changed to immediately abolishing slavery and no expatriation. In 1831, he started the anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator. He also started the American Anti-Slavery Society. He was a very religious man.

23 of 28

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slavery
Became national leader of abolitionist movement
Wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
Supported other movements like the Women’s Rights Movement

24 of 28

Women’s Rights Movement

During Second Great Awakening, women had more of a voice
Women took on leadership positions during the reform movements
Women’s rights and abolitionism often tied together

25 of 28

Seneca Falls Convention

1840 – World Anti-Slavery Convention (London)

Women not given a seat of a vote

So, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton returned to the United States and organized �the Seneca Falls Convention

Fought for the social, civil and religious rights of women
Fought for the right to vote, it would take more than 70 years before this would be fulfilled

Teacher / Student Notes:

Seneca Falls Convention

1840 – World Anti-Slavery Convention (London)

Women not given a seat of a vote

So, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton returned to the United States and organized the Seneca Falls Convention

Lucretia Mott – Quaker, abolitionist, women’s rights advocate, social reformer

1865 – she fought for the newly freed slaves to be given the right to vote

Elizabeth Cady Stanton – leading member of women’s right movement; suggested women have the right to vote during the convention which was controversial, but later became a major theme in the women’s right movement
Fought for the social, civil and religious rights of women

E.g., property rights, access to professions, right to vote

This started the Suffrage Movement; it would take more than 70 years before this would be fulfilled

Elizabeth B. Stanton wrote the Declaration of Sentiments

15 grievances
11 resolutions

Frederick Douglass would attend and speak at the convention

26 of 28

Indian Removal Act & the Trail of Tears

Native Americans in the southeast were to be removed to west
Led to Trail of Tears

46,000 Native Americans forcibly moved
Approximately 4,000 died on the journey

Religious communities in the United States fought against the removal

Teacher / Student Notes:

Indian Removal Act & Trail of Tears

Signed by Andrew Jackson in 1830, enforced by Martin Van Buren
Native Americans in the southeast were to be removed to west

Effected Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations (and thousands of their black slaves)
The Act did not state that they should be forced out, but negotiations should be made to offer them land to the west of the Mississippi; in reality, some tribes were forcibly removed

Led to Trail of Tears

46,000 Native Americans hiked
Approximately 4,000 died on the journey (possibly more)

Religious communities in the United States fought against the removal

1832 - Worcester v. Georgia court case gave limited internal sovereignty under the jurisdiction of the federal government (foundations of the doctrine of tribal sovereignty in the U.S.)

American missionaries fought for the Native Americans

27 of 28

28 of 28

Image Credits:�Images are licensed under Creative Commons License; click the link to view the images

Slide 1: Revivalist Meeting – American Yawp

Slide 2: Revivalist Meeting – American Yawp

Slide 4: US History Timelines – TpT

Slide 5: American Presidents – TpT

Slide 6: Geography and Space (video) – YouTube Creative Commons

Slide 7: Temperance Movement – American Yawp

Slide 8: Market Revolution – American Yawp

Slide 10: Second Great Awakening – Wikimedia

Slide 12: John Wesley – Wikimedia

Slide 13: Baptists – Wikimedia

Slide 14: Joseph Smith (Mormonism) – Wikimedia; Salt Lake City Temple – Wikimedia

Slide 16: Unitarians (Jesus) – Wikimedia

Slide 17: Transcendentalism – NYTimes

Slide 18: Henry David Thoreau – Wikimedia

Slide 21: Temperance Movement – American Yawp

Slide 22: Abolitionism – Wikimedia

Slide 23: The Liberator – Wikimedia

Slide 24: Frederick Douglass – American Yawp

Slide 25: Elizabeth Cady Stanton – Wikimedia

Slide 26: World Anti-Slavery Convention – American Yawp; Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Slide 27: Trail of Tears – Native American Netroots

Slide 28: Tent Revival Meeting – Magoosh