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SKILL:�Sourcing--HIPP
Explain the causes and effects of the ideological struggle of the Cold War.
20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union and the United States, to achieve superior spaceflight capability.
The Non-Aligned Movement is a forum of 120 developing world states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc
8.2�B. CDI
The Cold War made for decades of tense Olympic battles between USA & USSR. In 1980 that rivalry split the Olympics altogether.
2025 Mock A.P. Exams
What we will learn:
Analyze the causes of the Cold War; from the use of ‘symbolic gestures’ to Non-alignment movement.
We will be examine a primary source document from a Non-alignment leader to better understand sourcing.
What we will do:
SOURCE: George F. Kennan, United States diplomat to the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1946, article submitted anonymously to an academic journal devoted to the conduct of foreign policy, published in Washington, D.C., 1947
“The Soviet structure of power is committed to the perfection of the dictatorship and to maintaining the concept that Russia is in a state of siege, with an enemy that lies just beyond the walls. This mentality has profound implications for Russia’s international conduct. Moscow assumes that the aims of the capitalist world are antagonistic to the Soviet regime. However, the Kremlin is under no compulsion to accomplish its goal of spreading its influence in a hurry. If it finds unassailable barriers in its path, it accepts them and accommodates itself to them. There is no trace of any feeling in Soviet psychology that that goal must be reached at any given time.
In these circumstances it is clear that the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of patient and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Soviet economic development, while it can list certain formidable achievements, has been precariously spotty and uneven. It is difficult to see how the deficiencies of the Soviet economic system can be corrected by a tired and dispirited population working largely under the shadow of fear and compulsion. And as long as they are not overcome, Russia will remain an economically vulnerable and impotent nation, capable of exporting its ideological enthusiasm but unable to export real evidence of material power and prosperity. Indeed, it is the strong belief of this writer that Soviet power bears within it the seeds of its own decay, and that the sprouting of these seeds is well advanced.”
SOURCE: George F. Kennan, United States diplomat to the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1946, article submitted anonymously to an academic journal devoted to the conduct of foreign policy, published in Washington, D.C., 1947
“The Soviet structure of power is committed to the perfection of the dictatorship and to maintaining the concept that Russia is in a state of siege, with an enemy that lies just beyond the walls. This mentality has profound implications for Russia’s international conduct. Moscow assumes that the aims of the capitalist world are antagonistic to the Soviet regime. However, the Kremlin is under no compulsion to accomplish its goal of spreading its influence in a hurry. If it finds unassailable barriers in its path, it accepts them and accommodates itself to them. There is no trace of any feeling in Soviet psychology that that goal must be reached at any given time.
In these circumstances it is clear that the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of patient and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Soviet economic development, while it can list certain formidable achievements, has been precariously spotty and uneven. It is difficult to see how the deficiencies of the Soviet economic system can be corrected by a tired and dispirited population working largely under the shadow of fear and compulsion. And as long as they are not overcome, Russia will remain an economically vulnerable and impotent nation, capable of exporting its ideological enthusiasm but unable to export real evidence of material power and prosperity. Indeed, it is the strong belief of this writer that Soviet power bears within it the seeds of its own decay, and that the sprouting of these seeds is well advanced.”
Q: The recommendation provided in the second paragraph is best explained in the context of which of the following historical situations in the aftermath of the Second World War?
SOURCE: George F. Kennan, United States diplomat to the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1946, article submitted anonymously to an academic journal devoted to the conduct of foreign policy, published in Washington, D.C., 1947
“The Soviet structure of power is committed to the perfection of the dictatorship and to maintaining the concept that Russia is in a state of siege, with an enemy that lies just beyond the walls. This mentality has profound implications for Russia’s international conduct. Moscow assumes that the aims of the capitalist world are antagonistic to the Soviet regime. However, the Kremlin is under no compulsion to accomplish its goal of spreading its influence in a hurry. If it finds unassailable barriers in its path, it accepts them and accommodates itself to them. There is no trace of any feeling in Soviet psychology that that goal must be reached at any given time.
In these circumstances it is clear that the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of patient and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Soviet economic development, while it can list certain formidable achievements, has been precariously spotty and uneven. It is difficult to see how the deficiencies of the Soviet economic system can be corrected by a tired and dispirited population working largely under the shadow of fear and compulsion. And as long as they are not overcome, Russia will remain an economically vulnerable and impotent nation, capable of exporting its ideological enthusiasm but unable to export real evidence of material power and prosperity. Indeed, it is the strong belief of this writer that Soviet power bears within it the seeds of its own decay, and that the sprouting of these seeds is well advanced.”
Q: The recommendation provided in the second paragraph is best explained in the context of which of the following historical situations in the aftermath of the Second World War?
Answer D
At the time Kennan wrote in 1947, in the aftermath of the Second World War, the United States and the Soviet Union had emerged as the world’s two superpowers, and both states were engaged in a global ideological struggle to spread their influence and power.
COLD WAR
Direct Hostilities (war)
PROXY WARS
1945
-
1991
Never engage in direct war; both had nuclear missiles
Korea
Vietnam
Afghanistan
Struggle for Symbolic Victories
SPACE RACE
Sputnik
Olympic Games
1972 Basketball
1956 Water Polo�‘Blood in the Water’
1980 Hockey�‘Miracle on Ice’
1980 Olympics held in the Soviet Union
More than 60 nations refused to compete
The Cold War Space Race
1961
1969
But why a Cold War to Begin With?
Philosophy
RESOURCES
MILITARY ALLIES
Enlightenment Ideas:
- Best way to ensure happiness
- Best way to ensure freedom
ECONOMIC PHILOSOPHY
ADAM SMITH �CAPITALISM
KARL MARX �COMMUNISM
GLOBAL SHIPPING (LANES)
Non-aligned Nations
Non-aligned Nations
Let’s Practice: Primary Source
President Sukarno of Indonesia�Speech at the Opening of the Bandung Conference (April 18, 1955)
HIPP
SOURCING
THE ASIAN-AFRICAN� (BANDUNG) CONFERENCE
Meeting of Asian and African states, most were newly independent & postcolonial
Source: �President Sukarno of Indonesia: Speech at the Opening of the Bandung Conference, April 18 1955
War...may mean the end of civilisation and even of human life. There is a force loose in the world whose potentiality for evil no man truly knows….What can we do? We can do much! We can inject the voice of reason into world affairs. We can mobilise all the spiritual, all the moral, all the political strength of Asia and Africa on the side of peace. Yes, we! We, the peoples of Asia and Africa, 1,400,000,000 strong, far more than half the human population of the world, we can mobilise what I have called the Moral Violence of Nations in favour of peace. We can demonstrate to the minority of the world which lives on the other continents that we, the majority are for peace, not for war.
Summary of Document:
Urging for world peace as the post-WWII politics unfold
Post-WWII leaders, the USA & USSR, are not necessarily advocating for peace
Unity among the ‘colonized’ people of the world can force a change for peace
Possible HIPP
Point of View:�President Sukarno worried about future violence as former colonies were lacking in modernization and may rely to heavily on the Super Powers
Purpose:
President Sukarno is attempting to convince leaders of Africa & Asia to stay neutral in the Cold War rivalry
Situation:
The fear of giving one of two Superpowers more reason to use a nuclear weapon on someone else.
TAKEAWAYS
Learning Objective:
HIPP
1. Must do THREE times in DBQ essay to earn point!
2. MCQ & SAQ
3. Try to attempt three different HIPPs in DBQ essay!
1. USA v. USSR�Philosophical differences, resources, alliances
2. Non-aligned states
Bonus Video
Non-aligned Nations
Movement