1 of 66

CHAPTER 6

Consumer Purchasing Strategies

Or

“I’d Like Some More Things, Please!”

Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates told CNBC that he wished he were not the richest man in the world. “There is nothing good that comes out of that,” he said. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates

Note: He is no longer the world’s richest man.

1

2 of 66

Scandal #6

Clothes

Culture of Consumption

2

3 of 66

“Thanking you for the clothes of your dead people”

In the late 1980’s, a journalist was on assignment covering cultures around the world and specifically, how their cultures relate to and think of our culture. His guide in East Africa (the affluent part of Central Africa) invited him to come see the distribution of the clothes from the dead Americans to the locals. When the journalist asked the guide why the locals thought the clothes were from dead Americans, the guide looked at him oddly and said, “Why would a living person give away any of their clothes?”

This was many years ago. With some bumps along the way, Africa has been experiencing strong economic growth for some time now.

3

4 of 66

Scandal #12

Pets

Culture of Consumption

4

5 of 66

A What Therapist?!

How much does a very busy dog therapist charge for six 1-hour sessions with you and your dog?

  1. $250
  2. $500
  3. $1,000
  4. $1,500

The correct answer is (D). That is $250 per hour!

Think Viet Nam.

5

6 of 66

How Much is Fido Costing You?

Speaking of dogs, what is the average yearly cost of owning a dog?*

  1. Less than $1,000
  2. Between $1,000 and $1,500
  3. Between $1,500 and $2,000
  4. Over $2,000

The correct answer is (D). Well, of course. Just one series of therapy sessions cost $1,500! Remember, this is per dog.

Americans are projected to spend $150.6 billion for pets in 2024.

http://www.americanpetproducts.org/press_industrytrends.asp Yearly cost of owning a dog

6

7 of 66

  • Do Not Forget Taxes
    • For every $2 spent, you must earn more than $3 – maybe up to $4 depending on your income bracket
    • “A Dollar Saved is Two Dollars Earned”
      • From The Wealthy Barber
  • From The Millionaire Next Door

“I can’t get my wife to spend any money!”

“How did the wife of a millionaire respond when her husband gave her $8 million worth of stock in the company he recently took public? She said, “I appreciate this, I really do.” Then she smiled, never changing her position at the kitchen table, where she continued to cut out twenty-five- and fifty-cent-off food coupons from the week’s supply of newspapers, just as she had done each week for the past 27 years.”

“Frugal, Frugal, Frugal”

7

8 of 66

Speaking of Millionaires…

Spoken by the Senior Vice-President of a trust department of a major bank that had commissioned a focus group interview of twenty first-generation millionaires.

“These people cannot be millionaires! They don’t look like millionaires, they don’t dress like millionaires, they don’t eat like millionaires, they don’t act like millionaires – they don’t even have millionaire names. Where are the millionaires who look like millionaires?”

8

9 of 66

Speaking of Millionaires…

  • The median age is 57 years old
  • Most are married and have not divorced
  • More than 80% are first-generation millionaires
  • The median income is $131,000 per year
  • Most invest at least 15% of their income each year
  • 50% have never spent more than
    • $399 for a suit
    • $140 for a pair of shoes
    • $235 for a wrist watch

From The Millionaire Next Door

This data is out-of-date. Sadly, the two authors had a falling out and one of the authors then died so the book has never been updated.

There are over 8 million households in America with a net worth of over one million dollars.

(continued)

9

10 of 66

Speaking of Millionaires…

Therein lies the paradox: Do you want to be a millionaire or do you want to live like a millionaire? All the people you think are millionaires – fancy cars, flashy clothes – are really just high-income, high-consumption wage earners with 10 credit cards run up to the maximum.

The millionaires are the penny-pinchers.

Bizarre, huh?

The lesson is clear. If you want to become a millionaire, having a high income is not important. You must be frugal and invest wisely.

(continued)

10

11 of 66

Speaking of Millionaires…

The media loves to showcase the high net worth, high consumption celebrity figures. The truth is that they constitute only a small percentage of the millionaires in the United States.

The media advertisers love them because they encourage the “Little Folk” to over consume.

But what about “The Lifestyles of the Rich and Promiscuous” & Don King & Jennifer Spears & Brittany Lopez? Huh? What about them?

(continued)

11

12 of 66

Speaking of Millionaires…

45.7% live below the global poverty level.

More than 40% live on less than $1 per day.

About 64% do not have access to clean water.

85% of the women are illiterate with a fertility rate of 7.8.

Life expectancy at birth is approximately 54 years.

In fact, about 1 billion people around the world survive on less than $1 a day ‒ United Nations

And when you are sitting at home watching TV feeling sorry for yourself as you compare yourself to Bouncy or Lady GooGoo, instead compare yourself to the citizens of Niger.

(continued)

12

13 of 66

Speaking of Millionaires…

What You Have

Happiness = ––––––––––––––––

What You Want

So do you still believe that you would live happily-ever-after if you were a millionaire?

Simply put, if you never learn to be happy with what you have, you will never be happy. Your wants will always outweigh what you have. And even if you do become a millionaire, you will still face the same day-to-day travails that everyone faces. Your life will be more comfortable, but there is no guarantee of happiness.

(continued)

13

14 of 66

Scandal #23

Batteries

Culture of Consumption

14

15 of 66

Disposable or Rechargeable?

Given normal usage, how many alkaline batteries would be replaced by one nickel metal-hydride battery?

  1. 25
  2. 100
  3. 500
  4. 750

The correct answer is (C). Screw the Energizer Bunny!

15

16 of 66

  • Shopping can be an addiction
  • Many, many people buy things simply trying to fulfill some unmet childhood desire
  • “An addiction is any mood-altering behavior that the participant is no longer in full control of.” John Bradshaw
  • Do not think the advertisers do not know all about this and other psychological phenomena

“She had forty-seven cashmere sweaters.”

Beware of Emotions

16

17 of 66

Speaking of Emotions…

Ever wonder why advertisers use sex to sell their products?

“You can keep the beer. But I will take the bubble-headed, bleached blonde with the big kn___kers & the tight b__t, thank you.”

17

18 of 66

Does Advertising Really Work?

Economists estimate that every hour of TV a person watches each week increases their annual spending by about $200.

In 2005, Nielsen Media Research reported that the average person watched approximately 4½ hours of TV a day, or 31½ hours a week.

At $200 in extra spending for each hour watched, that means that the average person spends an extra $6,300 a year that they would not have spent if they didn’t watch TV.

“Television commercials do not affect me!”

The number has risen to almost 5 hours per day. That is 9 years of your life!

Nielsen Rating Service

18

19 of 66

  • CPI - inflation
  • Interest rates
  • Supply/demand
  • Brand name
  • Warranty
  • Product Quality
  • Tax rates

Economic Factors

  • Lifestyles
  • Culture
  • Attitudes
  • Ads/media
  • Hobbies
  • Peer group

Social Factors

  • Sex and age
  • Marital status
  • Occupation

Personal Factors

  • Income
  • Education
  • Family size
  • Housing type
  • Ethnic group
  • Religion

Consumer

Buying

Influences

What Factors Motivate You?

19

20 of 66

Speaking of Influences…

  • Would someone please tell me why a Roach handbag is worth $600 more than a JCPenney’s handbag?

Oh, I am so sorry. “Coach.” For the prices they are asking, shouldn’t they really call them “First Class?”

And do not even get me started on Lousy Vuitton!

20

21 of 66

Scandal #73

Light Bulbs

Culture of Consumption

21

22 of 66

Incandescent or LED?

Given normal usage, how many incandescent bulbs would be replaced by one LED bulb?

  1. 2
  2. 12
  3. 22
  4. 42

The correct answer is (D). Incandescent bulbs give off 90% of their energy as heat. They last an average of 1,200 hours. An LED bulb can last up to 50,000 hours.

22

23 of 66

Incandescent or LED?

Over its lifetime, how much money will one LED bulb save you in energy and replacement costs?

  1. $25
  2. $450
  3. $637
  4. $1,960

The correct answer is (C). So why do people still buy incandescent bulbs? http://greenlivingideas.com/2015/02/19/the-true-cost-of-light-bulbs-led-cfl-incandescent/

23

24 of 66

Consumer Purchasing Activities

  • Problem identification
  • Information gathering: costs, options, consequences
    • Sources of attribute assessment
      • Personal contacts and experience of others
      • Business organizations advertising & media
      • Independent testing organizations – Consumer Reports
  • Price analysis: Are quality and price always related?
  • Comparison shopping: Do you take the time to comparison shop?

24

25 of 66

Consumer Purchasing Activities

  • Negotiation may be used on some products
  • Decide on cash or credit
  • Get all acquisition and installation costs and conditions in writing
  • Maintenance and ownership costs may be associated with some purchases
  • Complain if you are not satisfied with a purchase
    • Do you complain if you are not satisfied?

all

cash

A 2004 to 2007 survey by Consumer Reports shows that more than 90 percent of shoppers who asked for discounts got at least one. The negotiated price cuts were on a wide range of goods and services, including furniture, electronics, and medical bills.

(continued)

25

26 of 66

  • Timing purchases
    • When is the best time to buy Christmas cards?
  • Brand comparison versus impulse buying
    • Store brands can be low-cost alternatives
  • Evaluate warranties and service contracts
  • Price comparison
    • Unit pricing provides a standard of measurement
    • Coupons and rebates (partial refund)
    • More convenience and ready-to-use products mean higher prices (Tightwad Gazette – Potatoes)
    • “Sale” does not always mean saving money
      • In fact…

Practical Purchasing Strategies

26

27 of 66

Pretzel Logic

  • “But it’s on sale! Think of how much we will save!”
  • You may spend less, but you never save money whenever you buy something; you always spend money whenever you buy
  • Repeat after me:
    • “Spending is NEVER Saving!”
    • “Spending is NEVER Saving!”
    • “Spending is NEVER Saving!”

27

28 of 66

Pretzel Logic

(continued)

How much did we save? $37?

We didn’t save nothin’!

We spent $75!

28

29 of 66

Scandal #118

Meat

Culture of Consumption

29

30 of 66

Societal Cost of Meat?

How many gallons of fresh water are used to produce one pound of beef?

  1. 100 gallons
  2. 500
  3. 1,000
  4. 2,500

The correct answer is (D).

Estimates range from 441 (beef industry) to over 12,000 (Dr. David Pimentel, Cornell University).

30

31 of 66

Societal Cost of Meat?

How many people can be fed via grains with the resources needed to feed one person with beef?

  1. 5 people
  2. 10
  3. 20
  4. 30

The correct answer is (D). Plus, eating meat jest ain’t the best thing for yer health, neither. (Sorry, Burger Lovers.)

Paying a Price for Loving MeatHow Much Does Meat Affect Mortality?

31

32 of 66

The Cost of Convenience

5 Ounces of Potatoes

Cost

Potato (5-pound bag, 80 ounces)

$0.22

Ore-Ida Extra Crispy Fast Food Fries (26 oz bag)

$0.86

Smart Ones Tasty Hash Browns (6.49 oz package)

$2.31

Pringle’s Potato Chips (5.2 oz tube)

$3.19

Lay’s Fat-Free Olestra Potato Chips (6½ oz bag)

$3.53

McDonald’s French Fries (2 oz serving)

$5.16

Idahoan Mashed Loaded Individual Cup (1½ oz cup)

$8.30

PopChips Potato Chips (3.0 oz bag)

$9.98

Sources: Grocery Outlet, Vons, ShopFoodEx.com, McDonald’s

(revisited)

32

33 of 66

World average is 2,800 calories per day

Speaking of Food…

3,500 calories per day

2,300 calories per day

2,800 calories per day

33

34 of 66

Speaking of Food…

The total daily caloric intake of the average American has risen by from approximately 3,400 calories per day in 1975 to approximately 4,000 per day in 2010. This amount reflects an extra 15 pounds per person each year.

National Library of Medicine

Your clothes feeling a little tighter recently? Yeah, me too.

(continued)

34

35 of 66

Speaking of Food…

8,000 years ago, this was the image of the ideal woman.

Today, this is the image of the ideal woman.

(continued)

35

36 of 66

Speaking of Food…

According to recent studies sponsored by the USDA and the NRDC, how much of the nation’s food ready to harvest never gets eaten?

  1. 2% to 5%
  2. 10% to 15%
  3. 20% to 30%
  4. 40%+

(continued)

36

37 of 66

Speaking of Food…

And the average family of four throws out how many dollars worth of food each year?

  1. $250 to $350
  2. $400 to $800
  3. $1,000 to $1,300
  4. $1,500 to $1,900

(continued)

The correct answer is (D). Forbes: The Shocking Amount of Wasted Food

37

38 of 66

Scandal #235

Bottled Water

Culture of Consumption

38

39 of 66

Ads We Would Love to See

39

40 of 66

But It’s Really Not Just Water!

How many plastic water bottles make their way into landfills or wind up as litter each year?

  1. 5,900,000,000 (almost 6 billion)
  2. 12,100,000,000 (a bit over 12 billion)
  3. 30,800,000,000 (almost 31 billion)
  4. 58,000,000,000 (around 58 billion)

The correct answer is (C). 60 million each day.

http://www.container-recycling.org/Plastic Water Bottle Pollution

40

41 of 66

Steps in Resolving�Consumer Complaints

  • Return to place of purchase
  • Contact the company’s main office via telephone or their website
  • Obtain assistance from a consumer agency
    • Better Business Bureau website to file a complaint on line: http://www.bbb.org
    • Federal agencies – Federal Trade Commission
      • http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/
    • Mediation – parties decide for themselves (non-binding)
    • Arbitration – third-party decides (binding)

41

42 of 66

Steps in Resolving �Consumer Complaints

  • Take legal action
    • Small claims court
    • Class-action suits
    • Use a lawyer? (can not use one in small claims)
    • Other legal alternatives
      • Legal aid society
      • Prepaid legal services
      • Research legal questions at www.nolo.com
      • Try mediation or arbitration first

(continued)

42

43 of 66

Personal Consumer Protection

  • To protect yourself as a consumer…
    • Deal with reputable companies
      • Avoid doing any business with or giving any information to telemarketers / spammers
      • www.donotcall.gov
    • Avoid signing contracts and other documents you do not understand
    • Compare financing through the seller with other sources such as credit unions
    • Avoid rushing to get a good deal
    • Be cautious about offerings that seem too good to be true – they usually are!

43

44 of 66

Scandal #1

Cars

Culture of Consumption

44

45 of 66

CHAPTER 6 Emphasis

Buying and Operating �Motor Vehicles

Or

“You Are Not What You Drive!”

45

46 of 66

First, Some Statistics…

  • Percentages of Short Motor Vehicle Trips…
    • 49% – Three miles or less
    • 40% – Two miles or less
    • 27% – One mile or less
  • The Average American Uses as Much Energy As…
    • 3 Japanese
    • 13 Chinese
    • 153 Bangladeshis
    • 499 Ethiopians

“…gas mileage usually decreases rapidly at speeds above 50 mph. You can assume that each 5 mph you drive over 50 mph is like paying an additional $0.24 per gallon for gas.”

http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/driveHabits.shtml

46

47 of 66

Societal Cost of Cars?

For every one gallon of gas you burn, how much carbon dioxide do you pump into the atmosphere?

  1. 7 pounds
  2. 15 pounds
  3. 20 pounds
  4. 125 pounds

The correct answer is (C). Here is the chemical formula:

C8H12 + O2 🡺 H2O + CO2

47

48 of 66

Societal Cost of Cars?

How much of our oil do we import?

  1. 0%
  2. 24%
  3. 40%
  4. 60%

The correct answer is (A). We are now a net exporter of oil However, for almost two decades, we imported over 60%.

https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/oil-and-petroleum-products/imports-and-exports.php

Source: United States Energy Information Administration

48

49 of 66

Societal Cost of Cars?

So how many barrels of oil (42 gallons of crude oil) does each person consume in the United States each year?

  1. 2.5 barrels
  2. 12.8
  3. 21.2
  4. 112.3

The correct answer is (C). 7.3 billion barrels of oil divided by 345 million people. U.S. Energy Information Administration

49

50 of 66

Our Addiction to Oil

  • Barrels of Oil Consumed per Person per Year in the United States
    • 1970 – 26.3 barrels
    • 1978 – 31.0
    • 1983 – 23.7
    • 2000 – 26.5
    • 2007 – 25.4
    • 2024 ‒ 21.2

The impact of much more fuel-efficient cars has been very beneficial.

50

51 of 66

What Type of Vehicle?

  • New or Used?
  • Sedan or SUV or Minivan or Pickup?
  • Electric or Gas or Hybrid?
  • What are the pros and cons?

51

52 of 66

Buying a Used Vehicle

  • Sources of used vehicles
    • New-car dealers
    • Used-car dealers
    • Private parties
  • Consult Consumer Reports
    • Yearly Buying Guide – Reliability statistics
    • Consumer protection for used car buyers
    • T’ain’t much!

52

53 of 66

Inspecting a Used Car

  • Outside the car
  • Inside the car
  • The engine
    • Mechanic’s inspection
    • Odometer fraud & crashed, salvage vehicles
        • Check www.carfax.com
  • The road test

Find an honest mechanic and pay for an inspection!

53

54 of 66

Used Car Price Negotiation

  • Price information sources
    • Edmund’s Used Car Prices edmunds.com
    • NADA Official Used Car Guide nadaguides.com
    • Kelly Blue Book kbb.com
    • Craigslist is my personal favorite
  • Consult a friend who is a car enthusiast!
    • Better yet, have him or her come with you when you shop

54

55 of 66

Buying a New Vehicle

  • Over half of all new vehicle purchases now involve some Internet interaction
    • From gathering information to actual purchasing
  • Average cost of a new vehicle now exceeds $47,000 – Ouch! Sources: Cox AutomobileFortune
  • Do not be swayed by advertising
    • Check Consumer Reports
  • 20% Gone!
    • What?!

“You can keep the car. But I will take the bubble-headed, bleached blonde with the big kn___kers & the tight b__t, thank you.”

55

56 of 66

Service Contract?

  • Service contract – Do Not Fall For This!
    • Unless the car you want has a less than stellar repair record (Check Consumer Reports)
    • You might even be told that a service contract is required by the lender or the leasing company

Once they have the sale, they will put you in a little interrogation room with bright, garish lights. A greasy little man with bad breath, bad teeth, and the smell of cheap cigars will then work you over, trying to get you to agree to purchase a service contract, undercoating, and upholstery spray, as well a timeshare in Cancun. Tell them that if they try to put you in that little interrogation room, you will leave immediately without buying.

56

57 of 66

Negotiating the Price

  • Sticker price (aka suggested retail price)
    • It includes the base price plus the accessories
  • Invoice price – dealer’s cost
    • Set price dealers
    • Car buying services – credit unions
    • Online buying?
  • Know the dealer’s cost by consulting...
    • Consumer Reports, Edmunds, Kiplinger’s
    • When is the dealer’s cost not the dealer’s cost? When the factory’s monthly incentive check comes in at the end of the month!

57

58 of 66

Financing an Automobile Purchase

  • Financing sources
    • Banks, credit unions, finance companies, or dealer financing
    • Many lenders, especially credit unions, will pre-approve you for a certain amount
    • Upside-down equity means that your car is worth less that what you still owe on the car loan (aka negative equity)
      • 20% Gone, Remember?
    • Consider GAP Insurance

58

59 of 66

Leasing a Vehicle

  • Leasing is a fancy word for renting a car
  • Advantages
    • Small cash outflow
    • Lower monthly payments than buying
    • Lease provides detailed records for businesses
  • Disadvantages
    • No ownership interests
    • Must meet requirements
    • May have additional costs
      • Especially for any extra miles or “excessive” wear!

You are almost guaranteed to spend far more over the long term leasing rather than buying. My advice? Only lease if you are sure you have no intentions of keeping the car and you are the kind of person who must have a new car every 2 or 3 years or you are choosing a car with a reputation for horrible reliability.

59

60 of 66

Leasing a Vehicle

  • However, the large number of leases creates an excellent opportunity for used-car buyers
  • Example:
    • 3-year lease of a $50,000 Sport Utility Land Barge
    • Expected residual value (aka lease-end value) of $34,000
    • Lessee politely sez, “No, Thanks.”
    • You pick up the vehicle from the leasing company for around $24,000
  • Better yet, buy a used reliable econo-box for $15,000 or less

(continued)

60

61 of 66

What Kind of Vehicle?

According to our authoritative and detailed scientific research, we have found that the larger the motor vehicle,

  1. The smaller the IQ of the driver
  2. The more fragile the ego of the driver
  3. The greater the sense of powerlessness within and anger toward the society around them
  4. The more microscopic the reproductive organ
  5. All of the above

The correct answer, of course, is (E). My sincerest apologies to those of you who own a Ford Extinction (not really ).

61

62 of 66

Costs of Operating a Car

  • Fixed Costs
    • Depreciation – 65% after 5 years (average)
      • A $47,000 car will be worth $16,450 in five years
    • Finance charge – Interest on loan
    • Insurance
    • License, registration & taxes
  • Variable Costs
    • Gas and oil
    • Tires
    • Maintenance & repairs
    • Parking and tolls

62

63 of 66

Costs of Operating a Car

According to the AAA, what is the average cost per mile to own and operate a new medium sedan?

  1. 28.51¢ per mile
  2. 55.86¢
  3. 69.92¢
  4. 81.98¢

The correct answer is (D). So at 15,000 miles per year, that’s…

Source: AAA Your Driving Costs 2023

(continued)

63

64 of 66

Costs of Operating a Car

  • Average of over $12,297 per year per car (81.98¢/mi)
    • Many families have two cars
    • 40 years * $24,594 per year = $983,760!
  • Jonathon Pond’s study – 1980’s
    • Buying a new car every 4 years, versus
    • Buying a new car every 10 years and investing the savings (including the cost of maintenance)
    • At the end of 40 years, you would have $350,000
      • And those were 1980’s dollars – triple it for now

My advice?

Buy a reliable new or used car and run it into the ground!

(continued)

64

65 of 66

Servicing Your Car

  • Follow the maintenance schedule in the manual (?)
  • Vehicle servicing services
    • Car dealers
    • Automobile repair shops
    • Discount stores
    • Specialty shops

My advice?

Find an honest mechanic and stay loyal to ‘em! http://www.cartalk.com/mechanics-search

65

66 of 66

Bottom Line on Cars

  • Get a bicycle! scooter! motorcycle! (Get training)
  • I have >58,000 miles on my commuting bicycles
    • At 81.98¢ per mile, I have saved over $47,000 in vehicle costs
    • Plus I have saved a tremendous amount in health care costs
      • Before I started riding again, I was a paunchy 30-something male suffering from Sedentary Lifestyle Disease (Now I am just paunchy…)
    • Do not forget the savings to the environment
      • Difficult to estimate but nevertheless do exist
  • Besides, it is fun to ride past people stuck in traffic in their cars as they are driving to the gym!
    • And it is only going to get worse…

66