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MAYURBHANJ SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING LAXMIPOSI.BARIPADA.757107

SEMESTER-3^RD

BRANCH- ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

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SUB- “ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION”

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FACULTY: ER.PROBODH RANASINGH

AY: 2021 - 22

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DEFINITION OF POLLUTION

• When Harmful Substances Contaminate the environment it is Called Pollution.
• It can be defined as any undesirable change in the physical, chemical, biological characteristics of any component of the environment which can cause harm to life and property.

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TYPES OF POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION

WHAT IS ATMOSPHERE......?

• Atmosphere is the life blanket of Earth.

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AIR....

• Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live.
• Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide and inert gases.
• Human activities can release substances into the air, some of which can cause problems to humans, plants, and animals.
• Natural Composition of Gases.

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DEFINITION

• AIR POLLUTION : An atmospheric condition in which certain substances (including normal constituents in excess) are present in concentrations which can cause undesirable effects on man and his environment.
• They are in the form of gases (Nox , Sox, CO,VOC); Particulate matter(dust, smoke, fumes, etc) & Radioactive (rado-222, Iodine-131, etc)

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SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION

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CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS

Air pollutants may be particulate or gaseous.

On the basis of origin they are divided as

• Primary pollutants ---- Are emitted directly from the point source.

e.g. : CO, NO₂, SO₂

• Secondary pollutants ---- formed by interaction of primary pollutants

e.g. : PAN, Smog, Ozone etc

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CRITERIA OF POLLUTANTS

INDOOR AIR POLLUTION

• Many people spend large portion of time indoors - as much as 80-90% of their lives.
• We work, study, eat, drink and sleep in enclosed environments where air circulation may be restricted
• Children, women more exposed to risk
• Radon gas
• Burning of dung cakes for fuel, wood, kerosene
• Incomplete combustion produces CO
• Cigarette smoke.

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EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

Air Pollution affects???

• Human health
• Animals
• Plants
• Materials
• Environment

EFFECT ON HUMAN HEALTH

• Main problems are related to Respiratory Track - Asthma, hay fever, and other allergic diseases. 
• Irritation of the eye, nose and throat. In severe cases there may be headaches, nausea, and loss of coordination.
• Prolonged exposure can cause damage to the nervous system, digestive problems, and in some cases cause Lung cancer.
• It lowers our resistance to colds and pneumonia.
• SO₂ in the air leads to diseases of the lung and other lung disorders such as wheezing and shortness of breath.
• Chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys. 
• Effects of Arsenic, Asbestos, Mercury , Benzene etc.

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EFFECT ON ANIMALS AND MATERIALS

• Corrosion of metal surfaces, fading
• SO₂ & water form H₂S – corrosion as well as disfigurement of statues made up of limestone or Marble
• Air pollutants mix with rain water and increase acidity (Acid Rain) of water body and kill fish.
• Ozone causes crackling of rubber

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EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT

• Visibility
• Pollutants in the presence of sunlight produce photochemical Smog
• Emission of Green House Gases tend to Global Warming
• CFC’s cause Ozone Depletion

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CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION

• Proper air pollution control devices in industries
• Using low sulphur coal
• Regular engine tune up, replacement of old more polluting vehicles
• Using mass transport system, bicycles etc
• Shifting to less polluting fuels
• Planting more trees
• No to fire crackers in Diwali and other occasions

POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES

CYCLONE SEPARATOR

BAG HOUSE FILTER

WATER POLLUTION

The Contamination of water with undesirable substances which make it unfit for usage is termed water Pollution.

POLLUTION SOURCES

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• Point sources are direct discharges to a single point;
• examples include discharges from sewage treatment plants, injection wells and some industrial sources.

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• Non-point sources are diffused across a broad area and their contamination cannot be traced to a single discharge point.
• Examples include runoff of excess fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides from agricultural lands and residential areas; oil, grease, and toxic chemicals from urban runoff and energy production; and sediment from improperly managed construction sites, crop and forest lands, and eroding stream banks.

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SURFACE WATER POLLUTION

• Sewage
• Industrial effluents
• Synthetic detergents
• Agrochemicals
• Oil
• Waste heat

DOMESTIC SEWAGE

• Refers to waste water that is discarded from households. Also referred to as sanitary sewage, such water contains a wide variety of dissolved and suspended impurities.
• It is large by volume and contains impurities such as organic materials and plant nutrients that tend to rot.
• The main organic materials are food and vegetable waste, plant nutrient come from chemical soaps, washing powders, etc.
• Domestic sewage is also very likely to contain disease-causing microbes.

GROUND WATER POLLUTION

• Is less comparatively as soil acts as a filter Still...
• Septic tanks
• Mining
• Deep well injection
• Presence of heavy metals in groundwater is found in 40 districts from 13 states, viz., Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and five blocks of Delhi.
• Arsenic , Nitrate, Fluoride

FLUORIDE POISONING

• The incidence of fluoride above permissible levels of 1.5ppm occur in 14 Indian states, namely:
• Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
• Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal affecting a total of 69districts, according to some estimates.
• Some other estimates find that 65 per cent of India’s villages are exposed to fluoride risk.

DEPLETION OF OXYGEN

• Low DO and High
• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

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• Biodegradable and organic waste leads to Oxygen depletion
• DO levels less than 4 mg / l disastrous.
• Polluted waters have 0 DO

CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION

• Treatment of water before leaving in water bodies.
• Restoration of polluted water bodies.
• Ganga Action Plan
• River Water Monitoring

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MARINE POLLUTION

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• Marine Pollution is caused due to Sewage Sludge, Industrial Effluents, Detergents, solid waste, plastic, etc.
• Sources :
• River- Bring pollutants from drainage basins
• Catchment Area- Human Settlements
• Oil Drilling & Shipment
• Effects :
• Fishes show mortality
• Oil disrupts the insulating capacity of feathers
• Due to loss of Buoyancy and subsequent drowning of Birds cause Deaths

CONTROL MEASURES

• Effluents should not be discharged
• Treatment before discharge
• Strict law enforcement- regarding drilling in ecosensitive zones, dumping of toxic & Hazardous wastes
• Minimum developmental activities on shore
• CRZs: Coastal regulation Zones

THERMAL POLLUTION

• Definition : Presence of waste heat in the water which can cause undesirable changes in natural environment.
• Causes:
• Heat producing Industries
• Power plants utilize only 1/3^rd energy produced by fossil fuel rest is wasted as heat
• Cold water is taken from water body for cooling ….used and left in the water body….back with increase of 10-15 Deg.

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EFFECTS…?

• Oxygen penetration decreases, dissolved oxygen also reduces as the solubility is decreased
• Heat kills fishes and other aquatic life.
• Toxicity of pesticides & chemicals increase with increase in temperature
• Metabolic Activities increase at high temp. requiring more oxygen.
• Spawning is disturbed
• Fish migration is affected
• Composition of flora & fauna changes-
• Temp. tolerant spp. Start developing

CONTROL OF THERMAL POLLUTION

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• Cooling ponds, cooling towers and spray ponds

NOISE POLLUTION

• Unwanted and unbearable sound is “Noise”
• Sound travels in form of pressure waves through air, liquid or soild
• Measured on DECIBEL SCALE.
• Maximum during Diwali,

Ganpati and other festivals

• Higher in Industrial area.
• 80 to 120 dB
• Crackers: 125 dB
• Construction: 100 dB

SOURCES AND EFFECTS

• Transportation
• Heavy Machinery
• Construction activities
• Celebrations and household appliances
• Physiological and psychological

changes

• Interferes communication
• Hearing damage
• Sleep disturbance

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NOISE STANDARDS

• Night 10 p.m. to morning 6 a.m.- loud noise banned.
• Declaration of Zones

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CONTROL

• Reduction at the source
• Proper maintenance of machineries
• Machineries should be covered
• Use of sound absorbing silencers
• Through law
• Planting more trees of broad leaves

NUCLEAR OR RADIOACTIVE HAZARD

• Natural radioactive decay
• Give out fast moving particles, high energy radiations.
• Alpha and beta particles

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• Nuclear accidents, test laboratories radioactive fallout

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• Fukushima in Japan
• Pripyat in Ukraine

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EFFECTS AND CONTROL

• Genetic damage : DNA alterations, gene damage, chromosome damage
• Somatic damage: Burns, miscarriages, eye cataract, cancers of skin, bones, breast.

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• Proper siting.
• Proper disposal.

SOIL POLLUTION

• Soil is upper layer of earth crust, contains organic matter, fertile
• Dumping of wastes causes soil pollution
• Garbage
• Rubbish like glass, plastics, metallic cans, papers, cloth rags, containers
• Discharge of Industrial wastes.
• Fly ash from Thermal power plants
• Fertilizers and pesticides: DDT, endrin, Lindane.
• Sewage sludge and radioactive wastes

EFFECTS AND CONTROL

• Reduce soil productivity
• Affects soil flora and fauna
• Sludge contains worms, bacteria and pathogens.
• Radioactive wastes enter food chain:

Strontium 90 mimics calcium.

• Treatment before discharge
• Convert waste to biogas, fuel etc.
• Recover from soil.

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SOLID WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT

• Higher standards of living…generate more waste
• Quantities are enormous
• Management is very important

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• Sources of solid waste include: Waste from homes, hospitals, industries, parks, gardens, shops, construction and demolition waste
• In each and every action of

humans, Solid waste is generated

TWO TYPES OF WASTE

BIODEGRADABLE

• Vegetable waste
• Food waste
• Tea leaves
• Egg shells
• Dry leaves

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NON-BIODEGRADABLE

• Polythene bags
• Glass bottles
• Scrap metal
• Tins, cans etc etc
• Electronic waste

EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE

• Waste heap up on roads
• Litter surroundings
• Foul smells
• Vector breeding
• Burning produces toxic gases

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INCINERATION

COMPOSTING

ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN POLLUTION PREVENTION

• Think globally act locally
• Use eco-friendly products
• Use rechargeable batteries
• No to excess pesticides, chemicals, paints, solvents
• Use less or only required quantity of resource
• Plant more trees(local species)
• Best from Waste
• 3 R’S- Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

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THANK YOU