Religion … RELIGION

The Beginnings of the Protestant Reformation

Nicene Creed

Trinity

orthodoxy; heresy

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Bishop of Rome = Pope

cardinals

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1302: Unam Sanctam

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Doctrine

canon law

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tithe (10%)

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

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1512: University of Wittenberg

John Tetzel- indulgences

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Oct. 1517: 95 Theses (Wittenberg)

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Frederick III of Saxony

elector of the HRE

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“Luther Affair”

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1519: Leipzig meeting

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Justification by faith alone (sola fide)

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“To the Nobility of the German Nation”

“Of the Babylonish Captivity of the Church”

transubstantiation

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“Of the Liberty of the Christian Man”

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1520: Papal Bull of Excommunication

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Carlos I (d. 1558)

1517: King of Spain; 1519: HRE

Isabella of Castile &

Ferdinand of Aragon

HRE Maximilian &

Mary, Duchess of Burgundy

Juan Isabella

Juana =

Philip of Burgundy

Margaret of Austria

Ferdinand

Eleanor

1521: Diet of Worms

Edict of Worms

Thomas Müntzer (c. 1491-1525)

1524-25: Peasants’ Revolt

1525: “On the Murdering Hordes of Peasants”

1525: marries Kate von Bora

1527: Sweden (& Finland): the Reformed Church

Swiss Reformation

Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531)

biblical literalism

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1529: Marburg Colloquy

“Sacramentarian Controversy”:

symbolic memory (Zwingli) v.

Sacramental Union (Luther)

Marburg Articles

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1531: Battle of Kappel

1520s: wars with France

1527: League of Cognac

(Italian Wars, Part II)

[Charles V v. Papal States, England,

France, Florence, Venice, Milan]

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1529: Siege of Vienna

Ottomans! (Suleiman)

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1530: Augsburg Confession

1531: Schmalkaldic League

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1536: Franco-Ottoman Alliance

Jewish Question

1541: Regensburg Conference

Cardinal Gasparo Contarini

1547: Battle of Mühlberg

1552: new war

1555: Peace of Augsburg

1. “Cuius regio, eius religio”

2. Ecclesiastical Reservation

3. Ferdinand’s Declaration

William, Prince of Orange

Spanish Empire: Philip II

Central Europe: Ferdinand I

[also HRE after 1558]