TEORI KEKUASAAN KEHAKIMAN
Matakuliah Lembaga-Lembaga Negara Indonesia
Bidang Studi Hukum Tata Negara
FAKULTAS HUKUM UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
PENDAHULUAN
TEORI DASAR KEKUASAAN KEHAKIMAN
Teori Pemisahaan Kekuasaan
Teori Negara Hukum
TEORI PEMISAHAN KEKUASAAN
legislatif
eksekutif
judicial
The federalist nomor 48:
Bahwa kekuasaan yang dimiliki oleh eksekutif, legislative dan yudisial tidak boleh hanya dilaksanakan penuh oleh masing-masing Lembaga tersebut. Harus ada hubungan yakni control constitutional.
Judicial
Branch
Separation of Powers
Rule of Law
The separation of powers purports to be just that - a distinct delineation of the judiciary from the other two arms of the government (ie the executive and the legislature).
Tina Hunter-Schulz
[Rule of Law, Separation of Powers and Judicial Decision Making, 2005]
PEMIKIRAN NEGARA HUKUM
BEBERAPA KONSEP (ISTILAH) NEGARA HUKUM
Tahir Azhary
[Negara Hukum, 2004]
RECHSTAAT
Ciri Utama
Frederick Julius Stahl �(Philosophie des Rechts, 1878)
Scheltema
(De Rechtstaat Herdacht, 1989)
RULE OF LAW
Ciri Utama
Albert Venn Dicey (Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution 1885)
International Jurist (Bangkok, 1965)
SOCIALIST LEGALITY
Ciri Utama
Ciri Utama
NOMOKRASI ISLAM
Ciri Utama
Prinsip Utama
NEGARA HUKUM PANCASILA
Ciri Utama
Prinsip Utama
Rechstaat | Rule of Law | Socialist Legality | Nomokrasi Islam | Pancasila |
Bersumber dari rasio manusia | Bersumber dr rasio mahnusia | Bersumber dr rasio manusia | Bersumber dr qur’an, sunnah, rayu | Bertumpu pada ketuhanan YME |
Liberalistik/individual | Liberalistik/individualistic | Komunis, totaliter | Nomokrasi bkn teokraso | pancasila |
Humanisme, antroposentrik | Antroposentrik | Sosialisme | Persaudaraan dan humanism teosentrik | Asas kekeluargaan dan kerukunan |
Pemisahan agama dan negara secara mutlak | Pemisahan agama dan negara secara rigid (mutlak). Kebebasan beragama arti +- | Kebebasan beragama yg semu, propaganda anti agama | Kebebasan beragama dlm arti teosentrik | Hubungan erat agama-negara, kebebasan beragama dlm arti positif |
Ateisme dimungkinkan | Ateisme dimungkinkan | Ateis | | Ateisme tdk dibenarkan, komunisme dilarang |
12 PRINSIP POKOK NEGARA HUKUM �(JIMLY ASSHIDDIQIE, KONSTITUSI DAN KONSTITUSIONALISME, 2005)
PEMISAHAN KEKUASAAN�[JOHN LOCKE, TWO TREATISES ON CIVIL GOVERNMENT, 1689]
This is a long introduction to the idea that Locke’s Second Treatise does not contain a separate judicial power because it is comprehended within his executive power. This is accepted as largely unproblematic.
[Ross Corbett, The Missing Judiciary in Locke’s Separation of Powers, Brown University]
PEMISAHAN KEKUASAAN�[MONTESQUIEU, THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, 1748]
MONTESQUIEU, THE SPIRIT OF THE LAWS, VOL. 1, 1748 TRANS. THOMAS NUGENT (LONDON: J. NOURSE, 1777)
When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty; because apprehensions may arise lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner.
Again, there is no liberty, if the power of judging be not separated from the legislative and executive powers. Were it joined with the legislative, the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary control, for the judge would then be the legislator. Were it joined to the executive power, the judge might behave with all the violence of an oppressor.
There would be an end of every thing were the same man, or the same body, whether of the nobles or of the people to exercise those three powers that of enacting laws, that of executing the public resolutions, and that of judging the crimes or differences of individuals.
PEMISAHAN KEKUASAAN MATERIIL DAN FORMAL�[IVOR JENNINGS]
KEKUASAAN KEHAKIMAN YANG MERDEKA
The Independence of the Judiciary
PENGERTIAN
[Bagir Manan, Kekuasaan Kehakiman, 2005]
TUJUAN DASAR
[Bagir Manan, Sistem Peradilan Berwibawa, 2005]
SYARAT SAH NEGARA HUKUM
Suatu pengadilan yang bebas merupakan syarat yang “indispensable” dalam suatu masyarakat di bawah “Rule of Law”. Kebebasan demikian mengandung di dalamnya kebebasan dari campur tangan dari badan-badan lain, baik dari Executive maupun dari Legislative, meskipun ini tidak berarti bahwa Hakim itu boleh bertindak sewenang-wenang. Syarat demikian dikemukakan pula Universal Declaration of Human Rights, yang disamping itu menghendaki adanya suatu “impartial tribunal
[Oemar seno Adji, Peradilan Bebas Negara Hukum, 1985]
PEMBATASAN
[Bagir Manan, Sistem Peradilan Berwibawa, 2005]
KODE ETIK & PERILAKU HAKIM�[BANGALORE PRINCIPLES, 2001]
BENTUK INDEPENDENSI
[Shimon Shetreet dan Jules Dechenes. ed., Judicial Independence: The Contemporary Debate, 1985]
JAMINAN KEKUASAAN KEHAKIMAN YANG MERDEKA
END OF SESSION