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CHAPTER-2

ACIDS,BASES AND SALTS

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Common Acids :

1.Acetic acid

(CH3COOH)

2.Citric acid

(C6H8O7)

3.Formic acid

(HCOOH)

1.Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

2.Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

3.Nitric acid (HNO3)

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TYPES OF INDICATORS:

(i) Indicators showing different colours in acidic and basic medium------

(a)Natural indicator-Litmus paper, Red

cabbage

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(b)Synthetic indicator-Phenolphthalein,Methyl

orange

(ii) Indicators giving different odours in acidic and basic medium(olfactory indicator)--onion,clove oil

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REACTION OF METALS WITH ACIDS AND BASES:

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  1. WITH ACIDS------

Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

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Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

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  1. WITH BASES-----

Zn+NaOH→Na2ZnO2+H2

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Na2CO3+ 2HCl------->2NaCl+ H2O+CO2

NaHCO3 +HCl-------->NaCl+H2O +CO2

TEST FOR CARBON DIOXIDE

Ca(OH)2 +CO2------->CaCO3 +H2O

lime water (insoluble in water)

CaCO3 +H2O+CO2------> Ca(HCO3)2

(soluble in water)

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REACTION OF ACIDCS AND BASES WITH METAL CARBONATES AND BICARBONATES:

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REACTION OF ACIDS WITH BASES:

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Neutrilisation reaction :

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NaOH +HCl---->NaCl +H2O

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H2SO4 +2NaOH---->Na2SO4 +2H2O

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Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids :

Al2O3 +6HCl---> AlCl3 +3H2O

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ZnO+ H2SO4--->ZnSO4 +H2O

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Reaction of non-metallic oxide with base :

CO2 +Ca(OH)2---> CaCO3 +H2O

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Chemicals fron Common Salt

NaOH

(Caustic Soda)

CaOCl2

(Bleaching powder)

NaHCO3

(Baking Soda)

Na2CO3.10H2O

(Washing Soda)

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NaOH

2NaCl +2H2O 2NaOH+H2+Cl2

Preparation

CHLOR-ALKALI PROCESS

(Electrolysis of Brine Solution)

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Uses Of NaOH

1. soaps and detergent

2.paper industry

3.as a laboratory reagent

Uses of Chlorine

  1. As disinfectant
  2. making PVC(polymer)
  3. CFC,DDT

Uses of H2

1.hydrogenation of vegetable oil

2.As a fuel

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Preparation

Bleaching Powder

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Ca(OH)2 +Cl2 CaOCl2+H2O

chemical name: Calcium oxy chloride

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Uses of Bleaching Powder

  1. Textile industry for bleaching cotton and linen
  2. Paper industry for bleaching wood pulp
  3. As a disinfectant

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NaHCO3 -SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE

[BAKING SODA]

2NaCl +2H2O+NH3+CO2-------🡪 NaHCO3+NH4Cl

Preparation

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USES OF BAKING SODA

  • 1.AS ANTACIDS AGAINST ACIDITY
  • 2. IN SODA ACID FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
  • 3. ALONG WITH EDIBLE ACIDS LIKE TARTARIC ACID IT IS USED FOR MAKING BREADS AND CAKES SOFT AND SPONGY

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  • ON HEATING 2NaHCO3-----------🡪 Na2CO3 +H2O +CO2

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WASHING SODA Na2CO310H2O �SODIUM CARBONATE DECA HYDRATE

  • PREPARED BY RECRYSTALLISATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE
  • Na2CO3 +10H2O-----------------------🡪 Na2CO310H2O
  • USES
  • 1.AS CLEANING AGENT IN DOMESTIC PURPOSES
  • 2. IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS, SOAP,BORAX &PAPER
  • 3.FOR REMOVING PERMANENT HARDNESS

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WATER OF CRYSTALLISATION

  • WATER OF CRYSTALLISATION IS STHE FIXED NUMBER OF WATER MOLECULES CHEMICALLY ATTACHED TO EACH FORMULA UNIT OF A SALT IN ITS CRYSTALLINE FORM
  • EXAMPLE BLUE COLOURED COPPER SULPHATE CRYSTALS
  • GREEN COLOURED FERROUS SULPHATE CRYSTALS

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PLASTER OF PARIS –CaSO4 ½ H2O�Calcium sulphate hemi hydrate

  • TWO CALCIUM SULPHATE UNITS SHARE ONE MOLECULE OF WATER
  • IT IS PREPARED BY HEATING GYPSUM
  • IT BECOMES HARD ON CONTACT WITH MOISTURE
  • CaSO4 ½ H2O +1 ½ H2O ---------------🡪 CaSO4 2 H2O

USES

  • FOR MAKING DECORATIVE ITEMS, TOYS
  • MAKING SURFACE SMOOTH
  • SUPPORTING FRACTURED BONES

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