October 25, 2021
Healthy Little Havana
Support and advocate efforts to strengthen Miami's Little Havana neighborhood by focusing on the social determinants of health.
Health implications of housing, zoning, and social vulnerability characteristics in the City of Miami, Florida
Anamarie Ferreira de Melo, MPH (1); T. Lucas Hollar, PhD (2); Patrick Hardigan, PHD, MBA (2) and Sofia Cuenca (3)
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(1) Urban Health Solutions, LLC, Miami, FL, (2) Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, (3) Healthy Little Havana, Miami, FL
Introduction
Healthy Little Havana
Support and advocate efforts to strengthen Miami's Little Havana neighborhood by focusing on the social determinants of health.
Housing is a key driver of health, and zoning laws play an important role in determining how different land uses are distributed and co-exist.
Although zoning laws aim to encourage urban growth in a reasonable, sustainable manner, zoning laws can contribute to housing and health equity challenges.
Research on the link between zoning, housing, and health is necessary to advise reform in zoning laws by local municipalities to improve the social determinants of health.
We explored how housing, zoning, and social vulnerability characteristics came together in ways associated with better or poorer health, in light of the City of Miami, Florida’s 2010 implementation of Miami 21 Zoning Code, which prioritized building form over land use regulation of and reduced housing density in specifically zoned areas.
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Background & Context
Form-based zoning
Form-Based Zoning Codes are a method of regulating development to achieve a specific urban form. Form-based codes place an emphasis on the relationship between the street and buildings, pedestrian and vehicles, public and private spaces, and the relationship between multiple buildings, a block, a neighborhood and transitions in scale.
Healthy Little Havana
Support and advocate efforts to strengthen Miami's Little Havana neighborhood by focusing on the social determinants of health.
healthylittlehavana.org
info@healthylittlehavana.org
@healthylittlehavana
@healthyLH
Traditional zoning
Traditional, or Euclidean, zoning codes are characterized by establishing and regulating land based on use. Typical types of land-use districts in Euclidean zoning are: residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial.
Background & Context
Healthy Little Havana
Support and advocate efforts to strengthen Miami's Little Havana neighborhood by focusing on the social determinants of health.
Miami 21 and T4 Zoning
In 2010, the form based-code, Miami of the 21st Century (Miami 21)
introduced T4 Transect Zones, which reduced the density allotment for specific portions of properties across City of Miami.
While T4 zones provide a lot of housing supply, current restrictions only permit 36 units/acre or 4 units for a typical 5,000 sq. ft. lot.
T4 units are often too large and therefore too expensive to meet market-rate housing stock for the demographic needs of residents in various
neighborhoods, including Little Havana.
healthylittlehavana.org
info@healthylittlehavana.org
@healthylittlehavana
@healthyLH
Background & Context
Healthy Little Havana
Support and advocate efforts to strengthen Miami's Little Havana neighborhood by focusing on the social determinants of health.
a median household income of around $22,000 73.1% are foreign-born immigrants
For low-income households like those in Little Havana, more than half report hardships related to housing, including but not limited to: crowded conditions, difficulty paying housing or utility bills, or housing expenses that require more than half of their income.
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Little Havana
The census tracts within this portion of Miami have: an estimated 93,846 residents
Healthy Little Havana boundaries of Little Havana
Background & Context
Healthy Little Havana
Support and advocate efforts to strengthen Miami's Little Havana neighborhood by focusing on the social determinants of health.
Healthy Little Havana (HLH) is a community-based organization that supports and advocates for efforts that strengthen Miami's Little Havana neighborhood by focusing on the social determinants of health.
Through recommendations from its Housing Committee, HLH pursued a Health Impact Assessment that assessed the implications of modifying Miami 21 T4 Transect Zones to previously allotted density in Little Havana on housing affordability, quality, and stability.
This research stems from this project.
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@healthylittlehavana
@healthyLH
Methods
Healthy Little Havana
Support and advocate efforts to strengthen Miami's Little Havana neighborhood by focusing on the social determinants of health.
WE SOUGH TO:
Characterize census tracts within the City of Miami in terms of zoning, housing, development, and social vulnerability through latent profile analysis
01
02 Describe tract characteristics associated with each profile
Determine the extent to which different presentations of characteristics among the profiles affect health
03
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Methods
Healthy Little Havana
Support and advocate efforts to strengthen Miami's Little Havana neighborhood by focusing on the social determinants of health.
STUDY DESIGN
To identify the underlying structure of census tracts and to test for their affects on health status among census tract residents, we conducted a cross-sectional, observational secondary data analysis of measures from 95 Census tracts within the City of Miami.
DATA SOURCES
We utilized census tract data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Social Vulnerability
Index (SVI), the CDC’s 500 Cities Project, the Reinvestment Fund’s Displacement Risk Ratio (DRR) data, the
U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, and parcel data aggregated to the census tract level from the Florida Department of Revenue real property roll.
STUDY POPULATION
Our study population consisted of the 95 census tracts contained within the City of Miami.
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Methods
Healthy Little Havana
Support and advocate efforts to strengthen Miami's Little Havana neighborhood by focusing on the social determinants of health.
MEASURES
Zoning and development
Percent of parcels within each tract designated as T4 Total just value
New construction just value Total living area
Number of residential units.
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Affordability of housing
Naturally occurring affordable housing (NOAH)
Owner cost burden Renter cost burden.
Social and housing vulnerability
CDC’s SVI overall themes Reinvestment Fund’s DRR Estimated median year a housing unit was built, as of 2014-2018.
Neighborhood of interest
Our study was interested in investigating whether or not the neighborhood of Little Havana experienced any differences in terms of profiles and health in comparison to the rest of the City of Miami.
Health
CDC’s 500 Cities’ “physical health not good” variable
The measures of our study encapsulated issues of affordability of housing, social and housing vulnerability, zoning and development, and health.
Sub-analyses within our study also sought to consider the impact of tracts situated inside or outside of the neighborhood of Little Havana, resulting in a measure of geographic location.
Analysis
Healthy Little Havana
Support and advocate efforts to strengthen Miami's Little Havana neighborhood by focusing on the social determinants of health.
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Latent profile analysis (LPA) to look for associations between study variables and the distal outcome health.
Specific advantages of LPA compared to traditional, non-latent clustering methods are that:
Generalized linear regression was used to examine the relationship between latent profile and health measures.
Stata (Version 16.1) and R (version 3.6.3) statistical packages were used for descriptive calculations, group comparisons, and latent profile modeling.
Statistical significance was found at p<0.05.
RESULTS
Healthy Little Havana
Support and advocate efforts to strengthen Miami's Little Havana neighborhood by focusing on the social determinants of health.
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LATENT PROFILE ANALYSIS
We created and tested four models: 2-profile through 5- profile solutions. Using Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC), the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and the likelihood ratio test
We found the three-profiled model as the best fit.
RESULTS
Healthy Little Havana
Support and advocate efforts to strengthen Miami's Little Havana neighborhood by focusing on the social determinants of health.
healthylittlehavana.org
info@healthylittlehavana.org
@healthylittlehavana
@healthyLH
LATENT PROFILE ANALYSIS
We created and tested four models: 2-profile through 5- profile solutions. Using Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC), the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and the likelihood ratio test
We found the three-profile model as the best fit.
RESULTS
Healthy Little Havana
Support and advocate efforts to strengthen Miami's Little Havana neighborhood by focusing on the social determinants of health.
42% of tracts
Higher rates of NOAH, social vulnerability, T4 designation, and renter cost burden
Older buildings Lower total just value,
new construction just value, total living area, and DRR
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LATENT PROFILE 1
39% of tracts
Lower rates of NOAH, social vulnerability, T4 designation, renter cost burden, and number of residential units Slightly lower total just
value, new construction just value, and total living area.
LATENT PROFILE 2
19% of tracts Notably lower T4 designation
Notably higher total just value, new construction just value, total living area, number of residential units Notably younger buildings
LATENT PROFILE 3
RESULTS
Healthy Little Havana
Support and advocate efforts to strengthen Miami's Little Havana neighborhood by focusing on the social determinants of health.
healthylittlehavana.org
info@healthylittlehavana.org
@healthylittlehavana
@healthyLH
GENERALIZED LINEAR REGRESSION
A significant model was found when we regressed latent profile onto the health (R2=.39, F(2,86)=27.65, p<.001).
LP1 has the highest poor health score, which was significantly higher than the mean poor health scores for either LP2 or LP3 (p <0.001).
No difference was found in poor health scores between LP2 and LP3
RESULTS
Healthy Little Havana
Support and advocate efforts to strengthen Miami's Little Havana neighborhood by focusing on the social determinants of health.
GENERALIZED LINEAR REGRESSION
(Sub-analysis)
To further explore this relationship, we created an additional model, including
location within Little Havana as a
regressor, along with the interaction of latent profile by living in Little Havana.
The Little Havana model was
significant (R2=.45, F(5,82)=13.75,
p<.001).
Overall, latent class membership had a bigger effect on poor health (η2 = .14) than living in Little Havana (η2 = .08)
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@healthylittlehavana
@healthyLH
Discussion
Healthy Little Havana
Support and advocate efforts to strengthen Miami's Little Havana neighborhood by focusing on the social determinants of health.
Characterization of census tract profiles and health
We found distinguishing characteristics among census tracts in Miami
Particularly through LP1 having higher rates of NOAH, social vulnerability, T4 designation, and renter cost burden; older buildings; and lower total just value, new construction just value, total living area, and DRR
LP1 aligns with characteristics within the literature associated with poorer health and poorer health equity
We found characteristics of LP1 were associated with poorer health than those of LP2 and LP3
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info@healthylittlehavana.org
@healthylittlehavana
@healthyLH
Discussion
Public Health Takeaway
Research finds that low-density zoning raises the cost of housing, forcing lower-income households to pay more.
Increasing allowable density in more neighborhoods will not have immediate effects on housing affordability, segregation, or health, but is a necessary step toward a more affordable, healthy, and sustainable future.
Remaining connected to residents of the City of Miami, and continuing to advocate on their behalf to shape policies and zoning, will help improve health equity within the City of Miami.
Healthy Little Havana
Support and advocate efforts to strengthen Miami's Little Havana neighborhood by focusing on the social determinants of health.
healthylittlehavana.org
info@healthylittlehavana.org
@healthylittlehavana
@healthyLH
Anamarie Ferreira de Melo, MPH CPH
Healthy Little Havana
Support and advocate efforts to strengthen Miami's Little Havana neighborhood by focusing on the social determinants of health.
Health implications of housing, zoning, and social vulnerability characteristics in the City of Miami, Florida
Thank You!
Urban Health Solutions
T. Lucas Hollar, PhD
Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine Nova Southeastern University
Patrick Hardigan PhD, MBA
Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine Nova Southeastern University
Sofia Cuenca Aguirre
Healthy Little Havana
healthylittlehavana.org
info@healthylittlehavana.org
@healthylittlehavana
@healthyLH