INDIA AND PAKISTAN RELATION AND ISSUE OF J&K

Submitted By

Dr. Jiwan Devi

Assistant Professor in Political Science

Paper-BA Hons. Sem-IV

INTRODUCTION

• India and Pakistan have fought in numerous armed conflicts since their independence.
• There are three major wars that have taken place between the two states, namely in 1947, 1965 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.
• However, the history of India-Pakistan relations since last 75 years has been a mix of aggression-reconciliation.

INDIA-PAKISTAN RELATIONS

Points for question on Jammu and Kashmir issue

1.) Origin of Kashmir problem

2.) Pak backed tribal invasion of Kashmir

3.) Kashmir's accession to India

4.) Kashmir as a dispute between India and Pak

5.) Kashmir issue in security council

6.) Failure to implement security council resolution

7.) UN commission on Kashmir and their failures( 12 April , 1950)

8.) Bilateral Indo-Pak war (1953)

9.) Revival of Kashmir issue in UN

10.) Proposal of arbitration in Kashmir and it's rejection11.) Second Graham mission

12.) Indo-Pak efforts

13.) China's attack on India (1962)

14.) 1965 Indo-Pak war

15.) Tashkent meeting between India and Pak

16.) Tashkent Declaration, 1966

17.) Indo-Pak relation 1971

18.) Shimla agreement, 1972

19.) Kargil war 199920.) Pulwama attack

POINTS FOR DIRECT QUESTION ON INDO-PAK RELATIONS

1.) Problem rising from transfer of population and Nehru-Liyakat pact 1950

2.) Problem division of state assets and canal water dispute

3.) Boundary dispute and problem of integration of princely states

4.) Kashmir issue

5.) The Tashkent Declaration

6.)Indo-Pak relations after Tashkent Declaration 1971

7.) Shimla agreement 1972

8.) Issue of Indo-Pak treaty , peace , friendship and cooperation

9.) Indo-Pak relations between 1991 and 1998

10.) Indo-Pak relations (1998 to 2001)

11.) Indo-Pak relations during UPA government

12.) Indo-Pak relations with Mr. Narendra Modi as the PM of India

13.) Pulwama attack

FIRST INDIA-PAKISTAN WAR OVER KASHMIR

• In October 1947 the first India-Pakistan war over Kashmir was fought following which Pakistan captured onethird major part of Kashmir (now referred to as Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (PoK)).
• Hari Singh, the then Maharaja of Kashmir, signed the Instrument of Accession with Indian government in return for military help. The war ended in 1949 after UN intervened leading to a ceasefire

TWO COUNTRIES FOUGHT THEIR SECOND WAR

• Indo-Pak talks, initiated in 1963, failed to produce any agreement and two years later, in 1965, the two countries fought their second war.
• This war also saw a UN mandated ceasefire and in 1966, Indian PM Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan signed the Tashkent Agreement agreeing to withdraw to pre-war lines and restoring the economic and diplomatic relations

INDIA AND PAKISTAN WENT TO WAR A THIRD TIME

• In 1971, India and Pakistan went to war a third time, this time over East Pakistan when the West Pakistani central government refused to allow Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to assume the premiership.
• India launched a coordinated land, air and sea assault on East Pakistan following which the Pakistani army surrendered at Dhaka. India and Pakistan signed the Shimla Agreement in 1972.

SHIMLA AGREEMENT, 1972

• The Simla Agreement designates the ceasefire line of December 17, 1971, as being the new "Line-of-Control (LoC)" between the two countries, which neither side is to seek to alter unilaterally.
• Both countries agreed to put an end to the conflict and confrontation and work for the establishment of a durable peace in the subcontinent. They agreed to settle any disputes "by peaceful means".

NUCLEAR WEAPON CAPABILITIES

• During 1998 both India and Pakistan successfully tested their nuclear weapon capabilities.
• In 1999, Pakistani forces and Kashmiri fighters occupied strategic positions on the Indian side of the LoC in Kargil which culminated into the Kargil War in which India pushed the enemy to the other side of the LoC.
• In 2001 the attack on the Indian Parliament in New Delhi by Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Muhammad was the last event of this phase of active aggression between the two countries.

PHASE OF RECONCILIATION (2001-2008)

• Even before 2001 there were efforts to improve the bilateral relations.
• The Lahore Declaration saw the start of Delhi Lahore Bus Service in 1999 during Indian PM’s visit. The Declaration proposed several measures for confidence building (informing each other ahead of missile tests) and it was the second agreement covering nuclear non-aggression.
• (first was ‘Non Nuclear Attack Agreement’ signed between Rajiv Gandhi and Benazir Bhutto in 1988)

• Vajpayee’s principles of insaniyat (humanism), jamhooriyat (democracy) and kashmiriyat (Kashmir’s legacy of amity) further attenuated Indo-Pakistan differences.
• Despite the failure of Agra summit in the aftermath of Parliament attacks PM Vajpayee travelled to Pakistan for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) summit in 2004 where Pakistan agreed not to allow its soil to be used for anti-India activities.

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• The year 2004 is marked as the beginning of the Composite Dialogue Process, in which bilateral meetings are held between officials at various levels of government (including foreign ministers, foreign secretaries, military officers, border officials etc.)
• In 2008, India joined a framework agreement between Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan (TAPI) on a gas pipeline project. Also, several trade routes were opened between the two countries in the same year.
• The end of this phase is marked by the Mumbai terror attacks in 2008 which were allegedly planned and abetted by the Pakistani intelligence agencies.

PHASE OF RENEWED AGGRESSION (2015 - 2019)

• The present phase in India-Pakistan relations is marked by renewed hostility between the two countries.
• China and Pakistan signed the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) infrastructural project in 2015 which was an affront to Indian sovereignty as the corridor passes through the PoK.
• Bilateral relations were dented by the series of attacks which started with Gurdaspur terror attacks in 2015 and included other major incidents like the Pathankot attack (2016), Nagrota attack (2016), Uri attack (2016), Amarnath yatra attack (2017) and finally the Pulwama attack in 2019.

• India responded to the Uri attack by carrying out a ‘surgical strike’ inside PoK and to the Pulwama attack by carrying out the Balakot airstrike in Pakistan and revoking the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status to Pakistan.
• Following the abrogation of Article 370 the diplomatic relations between the two countries have been downgraded. Pakistan launched a global diplomatic campaign to attract international support for Pakistan’s position on Kashmir.

KARTARPUR CORRIDOR

The Government of India in 2018 formally conveyed to the Government of Pakistan that it would initiate the Kartarpur Corridor on the Indian side and urged Pakistan to build a corridor with suitable facilities in its territory from the international border to Gurdwara Kartarpur Sahib in Pakistan to facilitate easier access and smooth passage of Indian pilgrims throughout the year.

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CONCLUSION

• India and Pakistan share linguistic, cultural, geographic, and economic links, yet their relation has been mired in complexity due to a number of historical and political events.
• Indo-Pak relations have been defined by the violent partition of British India in 1947, the Jammu & Kashmir conflict and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations.
• Soon after gaining their independence, India and Pakistan established diplomatic relations, but the violent partition and reciprocal territorial claims quickly overshadowed their relationship.
• Since their independence, the two countries have fought three major wars, as well as one undeclared war, and have been involved in numerous armed skirmishes and military standoffs.

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• The Kashmir conflict is the main centre-point of all of these conflicts with the exception of the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 and the Bangladesh Liberation War, which resulted in the secession of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).
• Since the early 1980s, relations between the two nations have grown increasingly sour, particularly after the Siachen conflict, intensification of the Kashmir insurgency in 1989, Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests in 1998, 1999 Kargil War, 2001 Indian Parliament attack, 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings, the 2008 Mumbai attacks, the 2016 Pathankot attack and the 2019 Pulwama attack resulted in a severe blow to the ongoing India–Pakistan peace talks.

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