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Cell Organelles

© J Beauchemin 2006

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Cell Organelles

  • Organelle= “little organ”
  • Found only inside eukaryotic cells
  • All the stuff in between the organelles is called the cytoplasm

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Cell Membrane

  • Boundary of the cell
  • Made of a phospholipid bilayer

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Nucleus

  • Control center of the cell
  • Contains DNA
  • Surrounded by a double membrane
  • Usually the easiest organelle to see under a microscope
  • Usually one per cell

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Cytoskeleton

  • Acts as skeleton and muscle
  • Provides shape and structure
  • Helps move organelles around the cell
  • Made of three types of filaments

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • A.k.a. “ER”
  • Connected to nuclear membrane
  • Highway of the cell
  • Rough ER: studded with ribosomes; it makes proteins
  • Smooth ER: no ribosomes; it makes lipids

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Ribosome

  • Site of protein synthesis
  • Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytoplasm
  • Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus

What is a polypeptide?

What element is critical for building protein?

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Golgi Apparatus

  • Looks like a stack of plates
  • Stores, modifies and packages proteins
  • Molecules transported to and from the Golgi by means of vesicles

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Lysosomes

  • Garbage disposal of the cell
  • Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes

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Which organelles do lysosomes work with?

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Mitochondria

  • “Powerhouse of the cell”
  • Cellular respiration occurs here to release energy for the cell to use
  • Bound by a double membrane
  • Has its own strand of DNA

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Chloroplast

  • Found only in plant cells
  • Contains the green pigment chlorophyll
  • Site of food (glucose) production
  • Bound by a double membrane
  • Has its own DNA

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Cell Wall

  • Found in plant and bacterial cells
  • Rigid, protective barrier
  • Located outside of the cell membrane
  • Made of cellulose (fiber)

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Vacuoles

  • Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
  • Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
  • Storage container for water, food, enzymes, wastes, pigments, etc.

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Centriole

  • Aids in cell division
  • Usually found only in animal cells
  • Made of microtubules

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Where else have we talked about microtubules?

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Quick Review

  • Which organelle is the control center of the cell?
      • Nucleus
  • Which organelle holds the cell together?
      • Cell membrane
  • Which organelles are not found in animal cells?
      • Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts
  • Which organelle helps plant cells make food?
      • Chloroplasts
  • What does E.R. stand for?
      • Endoplasmic reticulum