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Artificial intelligence

UNIT-3

KVSM, Dept of CSE , SRKREC

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

S R K R Engineering College,

Bhimavaram-534204

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KVSM, Dept of CSE , SRKREC

Introduction to Strong Slot and Filler Structures

The main problem with Weak Slot and Filler Structures semantic networks and frames is that they lack formality; there is no specific guideline on how to use the representations.

In semantic nets and frames when things change, we need to modify all frames that are relevant this can be time-consuming.

Strong slot and filler structures typically represent links between objects according to more rigid rules, specific notions of what types of object and relations between them are provided and represent knowledge about common situations. Moreover, We have types of strong slot and filler structures:

1. Conceptual Dependency (CD) 2. Scripts 3. Cyc

Strong Slot and Filler Structures

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KVSM, Dept of CSE , SRKREC

Conceptual Dependency originally developed to represent knowledge acquired from natural language input.

CD is knowledge representation technique in which we can represent any kind of knowledge.

CD is based on the use of a limited number of primitive concepts and rules of formation to represent any natural language statement.

The goals of this theory are:

To help in the drawing of the inference from sentences.
To be independent of the words used in the original input.

Conceptual Dependency (CD)

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KVSM, Dept of CSE , SRKREC

In CD representation of actions are built from a set of primitive acts.

ATRANS : Transfer of an abstract relationship (i.e. give)

PTRANS : Transfer of the physical location of an object (e.g., go)

PROPEL : Also, Application of physical force to an object (e.g. push)

MOVE : Moreover, Movement of a body part by its owner (e.g. kick)

GRASP : Grasping of an object by an action (e.g. throw)

INGEST : Ingesting of an object by an animal (e.g. eat)

EXPEL : Expulsion of something from the body of an animal (e.g. cry)

MTRANS : Transfer of mental information (e.g. tell)

MBUILD : Building new information out of old (e.g decide)

SPEAK : Producing of sounds (e.g. say)

ATTEND : Focusing of a sense organ toward a stimulus (e.g. listen)

Conceptual Dependency (CD)

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KVSM, Dept of CSE , SRKREC

Generally there are four primitives from which the conceptual dependency structure can be described.

ACT : Actions {one of the CD primitives}

PP : Also, Objects {picture producers}

AA : Modifiers of actions {action aiders}

PA : Modifiers of PP’s {picture aiders}

Conceptual Dependency (CD)

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KVSM, Dept of CSE , SRKREC

Following conceptual tenses are used in CD representation.

1) O : Object case relationship

2) R : Recipient case relationship

3) P : Past

4) F : Future

5) Nil : Present

6) T : Transition

7) Ts : Start Transition

8) Tf : Finisher Transition

9) K : Continuing

10) ? : Interrogative

11) / : Negative

12) C : Conditional

Conceptual Dependency (CD)

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KVSM, Dept of CSE , SRKREC

Conceptual Dependency (CD)

For example : I gave the man a book

The CD representation is :

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KVSM, Dept of CSE , SRKREC

Conceptual Dependency (CD)

For example : I gave the man a book

The CD representation is :

HereArrows indicate direction of dependency
Double arrow indicates two way link between actor and action
p indicates past tense.
ATRANS is a primitive act
o indicates object case relation.
R indicates recipient case relation.

kvssrmurthy75@gmail.com

kvssr.murthy@srkrec.edu.in