CAPSTONE

Electric Motors

Contents

1. Introduction
2. History
3. Operation of EV motors
4. Pros & Cons of EV motors
5. Future of EV motors
6. Conclusion

Introduction

Tesla electric motor

Early electric motor design

AC Induction Motor

Permanent Magnet Motor

Electrically Excited Synchronous Motor

Evolution of EV’s

Goal

History of electric motor

• Started in 1740’s

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• First electric motor was created by a monk and scientist named Scottish Benedictine and Andrew Gordon

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Magnets and coil

• Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry experimented with magnets and coils of wire.

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• Placing a magnet around a coil of wire he then figured out he created current flow in the coil, then later found out that converting electrical energy into mechanical energy.

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• Later on studied that it is the equation of electromagnetic force.

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Scale printing press

• Thomas Davenport of Vermont developed and invented the first electric motor in the 1840s.

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• A small scale printing press was operated by first battery powered electric motor.

Machinery

The first DC motor was invented in the 1886s by William Sturgeon. The DC motor was capable of powering machinery.

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Speed under variable weight

Frank Julian Sprague invented a motor that can operate at a certain speed under variable weight

Adoption of industrial applications

Electric motors were brought to the consumers for commercial settings and residentials.

AC Induction motor

First AC motor was developed by Nikola Tesla and was taken upon Westinghouse engineers.

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In 1887 the three phase synchronous motor was developed by Friedrich August Haselwander

Three phase asynchronous motor

• In 1887 the three phase synchronous motor was developed by Friedrich August Haselwander

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• Three phase asynchronous motors are still being used to this date.

Automotive applications

• The first induction motor was designed in the year 1892 along with a rotating bar winding rotor, which was used for automotive applications

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• The year before, Generic Electric developed a three-phase induction motor to operate with the bar-winding rotor design.

Asynchronous Induction Motor (ASM)

• Ring shaped electromagnet stator + Rotor
• AC current on the stator → Rotating magnetic field
• Electric current is induced into a rotor

Asynchronous Induction Motor (ASM)

• Mercedes-Benz EQC
• Audi e-Tron SUV
• Tesla Model S, 3, X, Y on front axles
• Volkswagen MEB on front axles

Induction motor of Mercedes Benz EQC

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)

• Stator + Permanent magnet rotor
• Interaction between rotating magnetic field and constant magnetic field

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)

• Hyundai IONIQ 5
• Kia EV6
• Tesla Model S, 3, X, Y on the rear axles
• Volkswagen MEB on rear axles
• Jaguar i-pace
• Audi e-Tron GT
• Porsche Taycan

PMSM of Hyundai IONIQ 5

Electrically Excited Synchronous Motor (EESM)

• Stator + DC supplied Rotor by brushes and commutator
• No permanent magnet used
• Rotating magnetic field of stator + Magnetic field of rotor = Propulsion dynamic energy

Electrically Excited Synchronous Motor (EESM)

• BMW iX3, iX, i4
• Renault Megane E-tech
• Smart EQ

EESM of BMW iX3

Asynchronous Induction Motors

Pros

-Environmentally friendly design

-Cost effective

Cons

-Potential issues under high load

-Not efficient in low operating speed ranges

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Synchronous Permanent Magnet Motors

Pros

-Efficient at low operating speeds

-Better heat dissipation

-Reliable

Cons

-Heavy design

-Costly to manufacture

-CEMF limits top end power and can damage components

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Electrically Excited Motors

Pros

-Lighter

-Environmentally friendly

-Relatively cheap to manufacture

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Cons

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-Poor efficiency at low operating speeds

Future of Ev motors

• As new technology arises car manufacturers are developing electric vehicles with advanced electric motors

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• Electric vehicles are beginning to use brushless axial motors, as they are integrating new technologies.

Axial flux motor

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• Axial flux motor is a configuration of an electric motor that is constructed of a gap between the rotor and stator.
• The direction of the magnetic field is aligned in parallel with the axis of rotation. Axial motors are commonly used for low power applications.

Conclusion

• Asynchronous induction motor: produces kinetic energy interaction between rotating magnetic field of the stator and the rotor (Simple design, cost effective but less efficient)
• Permanent magnet synchronous motor: permanent magnet makes field excitation (More efficient and reliable but expensive)
• Electrically excited synchronous motor: coil winding of the rotor with brushes and commutator (Environmentally friendly but poor efficiency)
• Improved motors are developing by vehicle manufacturers (ex. Axial flux electric motor)

CAPSTONE PROJECT

• Prepared for:
• Prepare by:

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• Automotive Service Technicians
• School of Transportation
• Southern Alberta Institute of Technology

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BATTERY

• CAPSTONE PROJECT

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Introduction

History of Batteries

• Batteries came in 1920
• Bell for Horn
• Gas powered headlights
• Engine started with crank
• 6 volt batteries 
• Chassis were connected to positive side
• Bigger Engine needed bigger battery

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Purpose of Automotive Batteries

• Helps starting the Engine
• Keeps Accessories running
• Regulates voltage
• Keep the modules Active

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Effects of Charging on Battery Health

• Charging creates heat
• The faster the charge, the more heat is produced
• Needs proper cooling, venting, and heat management.
• Keeping the battery at 15%-18% will help longevity of the battery
• Batteries must be kept at optimal temperatures

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Increasing Battery Capacity & Life

New Technologies & Efficiency

• Enhancing battery charging efficiency and increasing battery range.
• Nanoparticles are applied to the surface of an electrode to obtain these advantages. 
• Increasing the electrode's surface area, more current may pass between it
• Lowering the weight of the batteries required to produce enough power, this technique may boost the efficiency of hybrid vehicles.
• Increase the energy density of battery cells by 20 to 40% while simultaneously permitting faster charging
• Sila Nanotechnologies is substituting a piece of silicon for the graphite anode, which accounts for the majority of the mass and 15% of the weight of standard lithium-ion batteries.

Thank you

HVAC in EV’s

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Introduction

• Purpose
• This report carries the knowledge from facts to statistics that could develop the understanding of HVAC systems in electric vehicles for the readers. Anyone that would be interested in buying an electric vehicle or working on one could gain information and better understanding on how HVAC works.
• Background
• Automotive industry is slowly progressing into manufacturing electric vehicles; To reduce global greenhouse gas emissions emitted by the more prevalent fossil fuel burning vehicles. Also, to develop the techniques of HVAC systems and the electric background to improve the mileage given.
• Scope
• Covers information about the operation of the HVAC system in ICE and EV’s. this report evaluates the history of HVAC and the possible future they may have. Highlights methods of operation. Shedding the light on some pros and cons and how daily climate affect HVAC operation.
• Method
• Most of the information is collected mainly from the internet websites and are cited and referenced individually. The same structure is also applied to other sources (SAIT’s Library, automotive manufacturers, journals).

History

Unlike internal combustion vehicles that produce waste heat which can be used to heat the interior of the vehicle, electric vehicles require alternatives to generate heat. Only recently has this been done effectively, notably in the nissan leaf in 2012 as it improved the design of early heat pumps.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carmax.com%2Fresearch%2Fnissan%2Fleaf%2F2012&psig=AOvVaw2m0a1hWRbcldN3sGviOn44&ust=1670651432909000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCIjdodvr6_sCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

https://i.insider.com/56e9aff2dd0895d3398b463b?width=700

HVAC Operation in EV’s

• Main Components
• Compressor
• Expansion device (TXV)
• Condenser
• Evaporator
• 5 main steps of operation

https://www.carthrottle.com/post/how-do-climate-control-and-air-conditioning-systems-actually-work/

High Voltage 3-phase AC Compressor

• “WYE” wound
• Scroll type compressor
• R134a and 1234yf Refrigerant
• 36cc
• PEO oil (cooling and lubrication)
• 8640 RPM limit
• Full function voltage 270-420V A/C

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https://stealthev.com/product/new-eagle-ev-ac-compressor/

https://www.toyota-industries.com/products/relation/compressor_kind_1/

Heat Pumps

• HV battery as the main source of power.
• Uses a motor to drive the heat pump compressor
• Can provide heating or cooling for the cabin depending driver preference.
• provide instant heat.

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Uses the same principle of an ICE a/c system of controlled condensation and evaporation to absorb heat and dissipate it.

ICE and EV HVAC

How does Climate & HVAC affect EV Range?

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• Hot and cold temperatures affecting batteries
• HV systems and weathers affecting EV range
• Percentage decrease with increase HVAC range

Pros & Cons of HVAC in EVs

Pros:

• Rapid heat generation as you don't have to wait for a large block to heat up like in ICE vehicles.
• The Hvac doesn't steal power away from driving like a belt driven pump in an ICE vehicle. It is driven by its motor.

Cons:

• The heat pump is driven by a motor, reducing the range of the vehicle
• In harsh weather running the ac or heat on max will reduce range as the vehicle requires power to run battery heaters along with the large power load of the heat pump.

Future of EV HVAC systems

The future of HVAC systems in electric vehicles is uncertain but companies are working hard to find solutions to the technologies biggest shortcomings.

Bosch presenting new heat pump EV thermal management system at IAA; up to 25% increase in effective range - Green Car Congress

Summary

In conclusion the inefficiency of modern HVAC systems must be improved for EVs to be viable in harsh climates both cold and hot. However the future of EV HVAC is bright with many advancements being made in HVAC technology.

What is certain is that auto manufactures are rushing to make the technology usable worldwide, and more efficient.

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https://images.drive.com.au/driveau/image/upload/c_fill,h_720,w_1280/q_auto:eco/f_auto/v1/cms/uploads/bvnzpumed5ebjqcaxdc5

FIN

HYDROGEN ELECTRIC VEHICLES

WHAT IS HYDROGEN FUEL CELL?

In short there are two sides an anode and a cathode with an electrolyte in the middle.

Hydrogen is passed through the anode with a catalyst to separate it into electrons and protons.

Electrons follow the anodes circuit and is used to power the system while the proton passes through the electrolyte to be met back at the cathode

This remarrying of particles mixed in with air creates water which is expelled by the vehicle.

A BRIEF HISTORY

Hydrogen powered vehicles can be dated as far back 1807

Since then it has been quiet development as other technologies take stage in terms of press.

One of the first commercially available vehicles released was the Toyota Mirai in 2014

This vs That

• Recharge time

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• Fuel cell re-purposing

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• Safety rating

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• Generous driving range

• High energy density

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• Low self discharge rate

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• Widely available

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• No priming required

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HYDROGEN FCV

LITHIUM-ION

Marketing

The largest push for this development was the increase in emission regulations

Customers looking for vehicles with increased mileage and turn to hybrids as a whole.

Manufacturers pushed for development under the notion of “0 emissions” vehicles

THE FUTURE OF THIS TECHNOLOGY

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Companies are fascinated by the technology and have been slowly developing it and even have a few vehicles on the street.

Sales projections show a decline in sales of vehicles since its peak in 2018 as pulled data from a study done by inside EV.

Ecosystem integration came as a costly investment for countries as Lithium charge stations are safer.

The technology came at wrong time, given a different set of circumstances things might have ended up differently.

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conclusion.

If this technology has taught us anything is the logistical concerns of creating an entirely new infrastructure. That the future holds a promise of truly emission free vehicles and that companies and developers will keep searching for the answer.

Sources

https://hydrogen-central.com/new-hydrogen-car-travels-2000-kilometers-single-tank/

https://hydrogen-central.com/new-hydrogen-car-travels-2000-kilometers-single-tank/