MODERN ASTRONOMY
MODULE 3: SECOND SEMESTER
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01
02
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AGENDA OF THE LESSON
Module 3 and 4
Module 1 and 2
Performance Task #1 and Written work #2
Goals of the discussion
DISCUSSION
REVIEW
Instruction for PT #1
OBJECTIVES
01
OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON
At the end of the lesson, the students are able to;
1. discuss the notable contributions of some of the notable astronomers of modern astronomy;
2. describe the relationship of Brahe and Kepler to the discovery of planetary motion; and
3. realize the importance of the laws of planetary motion.
TRY TO RECALL by ANSWERING THE QUESTIONS (10mins)
WHAT
What are their contribution/findings in the field of astronomy
WHO
Who are the philosophers you can remember from the discussion and the module?
WHY
Why do you think it is important?
02
REVIEW ACTIVITY
03
TOPIC DISCUSSION
INTRODUCTION
Throughout human history, scientists have struggled to understand what they see in the night sky. After 14 centuries since Ptolemy, five noted scientists made important discoveries that gave rise to the birth of modern astronomy. These were Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei and
Isaac Newton.
—GALILEO GALILEI
“You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him find it within himself .”
TERMS TO UNDERSTAND
astronomical unit (AU)
eccentricity
the unit of length defined as the average distance between Earth and the Sun; this distance is about 1.5 × 108 kilometers or 1.5 x 1011 metres
The distance between the foci of an ellipse is proportional to the length of its major axis.
EXAMPLE
TERMS TO UNDERSTAND
Ellipse
Foci
a closed curve for which the sum of the distances from any point on the ellipse to two points inside (called the foci) is always the same
(plural: foci) one of two fixed points inside an ellipse from which the sum of the distances to any point on the ellipse is constant
Astronomical unit (AU)
Eccentricity
the unit of length defined as the average distance between Earth and the Sun; this distance is about 1.5 × 108 kilometers or 1.5 x 1011 metres
in an ellipse, the ratio of the distance between the foci to the major axis
EXAMPLE
TERMS TO UNDERSTAND
Semimajor axis
Orbital speed/period
half of the major axis of a conic section, such as an ellipse
Orbital period- the time it takes an object to travel once around the Sun
Orbital speed- speed= time X mass
Major Axis
Orbit
the maximum diameter of an ellipse
the path of an object that is in revolution about another object or point
EXAMPLE
TYCHO BRAHE
TYCHO BRAHE- the mentor of Kepler
King Frederick II of Denmark
TYCHO BRAHE- moved to Prague and supported by Emperor
Rudolf II
Emperor Rudolf II
JOHANNES KEPLER
Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler
FACT 1
They had unsteady relationship. Brahe mistrusted Kepler, fear of being shadowed by his assistant.
FACT 2
Brahe assigned to Kepler the interpretation of his observations of Mars, whose movement did not match Brahe’s calculations.
Kepler's Discoveries from Brahe's Data and other
Near in the Sun- move fastest
Far from the Sun- move slowest
Useful in determining the position of planets for the past 1000 years and the future 1000 years
After his mentor died, he became the imperial mathematician
Law of Ellipses, Law of Equal Areas, Law of Harmonies
Force from the Sun
Planetary Motion
Brahe died
Rudolphine Tables
The law describes how fast a planet moves in its orbit. A planet moves fastest when it is nearest the Sun and slowest when it is farthest from the Sun, and still, the same area is swept out by the line in equal amounts of time.
a planet’s orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit (its semi-major axis).
ISAAC NEWTON
Our understanding of the elliptical motion of planets about the Sun spanned several years and included contributions from many scientists. Answer the following questions.
QUESTIONS TO ANSWER!
Johannes Kepler
Which scientist is credited with the long and difficult task of analyzing the
data?
Tycho Brahe
Which scientist is credited with the collection of the data necessary to support
the planet's elliptical motion?
Isaac Newton
Which scientist is credited with the accurate explanation of the data?
The Aristotelian and Galilean
Conceptions of Vertical,
Horizontal and Projectile Motions
FACTS about MOTION
The Aristotelian and Galilean
Conceptions of Vertical,
Horizontal and Projectile Motions
Images reveal large amounts of data, so Our current understanding on the physics of motion did not happen overnight. Instead, it gradually developed as philosophers took up previously held philosophies and improved on it or gave critique identifying possible weakness or inconsistencies with observations.
I. Aristotle’s Concept of Vertical Motion, Horizontal Motion, and Projectile Motion
1. Vertical Motion- Vertical motion is referred to as natural motion. In a natural motion, the object will move and will return to its natural state based on the object's material or composition - earth, water, air, and fire.
2. Horizontal Motion
An object moving in a violent motion requires push or pull to maintain horizontal motion. Motion continues only so long as there is an applied force to an object. When the force is removed, motion stops.
3. Projectile Motion
Projectile motion of an object is parallel to the ground until it is the object's time to fall back into the ground. An impetus will be kept by the object until such time that the initial force is forgotten, and the object returns to its natural state to stop moving and fall to the ground.
He viewed projectile motion as natural and violent motion. He said that
heavy objects fall faster than light ones.
Any Questions?
Written Work 2
Experiment and Guide Question
Performance Task 1
Video Presentation of Experiments
Link
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ISEjSiEfLlzergtjjmWixErNajqpUwwZCS_O4GM-x-Y/edit?usp=sharing
THANK YOU
ALTERNATIVE RESOURCES