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Types of Infrastructure

Economic Infrastructure

1. Transport

2. Power

3. Communication

4. Irrigation and Watershed Management

5. Science and Technology

6. Financial Institutions

Social Infrastructure

1. Education

2. Health

3. Housing

4. Civic Amenities

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Economic Infrastructure

The basic physical systems of a business or nation.
Transportation, communication, sewage, water and electric systems are all examples of infrastructure.
These systems tend to be high-cost investments, however, they are vital to a country's economic development and prosperity.

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Social Infrastructure

Social Infrastructure is a subset of the infrastructure sector and typically includes assets that accommodate social services.
Examples of Social Infrastructure Assets include schools, universities, hospitals, prisons and community housing.

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Difference between Social and Economic Infrastructure

Social Infrastructure	Economic Infrastructure
It helps the economic system from outside (indirectly).	It helps the economic system from inside (directly).
It improves quality of human resource.	It improves the quality of economic resource.
For ex-Health, Education and Housing	For ex- Energy, Transport and communication

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Importance of Infrastructure

* Raises productivity

* Provides employment

* Induces foreign investments

* Raises ability to work

* Facilitates out sourcing

* Raises economic development

* Raises size of the market

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The State of Infrastructure in India

India invests only 5 percent of its GDP on infrastructure, which is far below that of china and Indonesia.
With government, private sector in joint partnership with the public sector is also playing on very important role in the infrastructure development.
India needs to develop its infrastructure specially in the area of rural energy requirement, water, basic amenities and sanitation.

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Energy

Energy is an important input for most of the production processes and consumption activities.
Every sector requires energy for it’s smooth functioning.

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Sources of Energy

Commercial energy:

It refers to those sources of energy which command a price and the users have to pay a price for them.
For example, coal, petroleum and electricity.
It is generally exhaustible, except hydropower.
It is account for over 50 % of total energy sources consumed in India.

Non-commercial energy:

It consist of those sources of energy which generally don’t command a price.
For example, firewood, agricultural waste and dried dung.
It is generally renewable.
These are generally available free of cost as these are found in nature or forests.
More than 60 % of Indian households depend on traditional sources of energy for meeting their regular cooking and heating needs.

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Difference Between Commercial and Non-Commercial Sources of Energy

S.N.	Commercial energy	Non-commercial energy
1	Commercial energy is energy which is available to the users at some price.	Non-commercial energy is energy which is available free of cost to the users.
2	This energy pollutes the environment badly.	This is pure and keeps the environment clean.
3	This types of energy are limited in nature.	Abundant in nature.
4	High capital investment is required in the purification.	It can be used in raw form.
5	It is used for commercial purposes in factories and farms.	It is used for domestic and consumption purposes.
6	It is used in urban as well as rural areas.	It is dominantly used in rural areas.
7	This is a non-renewable form of energy.	It is a renewable form of energy.
8	Coal, petroleum, natural gas and nuclear energy.	Cow dung, charcoal, firewood and agricultural waste.

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Conventional sources of energy

It refers to the sources of energy which are in use since long and can be stored.
Such sources are non-renewable resources of energy.
Even today most of the industries of the world make use of coal and oil in the industries.
It includes both commercial and non-commercial sources of energy.
Example: natural gas, coal, petroleum etc.

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Non-conventional sources of energy�

It refers to the sources of energy, which have come into use only recently.
For example, solar energy, wind energy, geo thermal energy, bio gas and tidal power.
Such sources are renewable resources of energy.
India has almost unlimited potential for producing these types of energy.
These types of energy resources are inexhaustible. A lot of problems are faced in harnessing them and storing them.

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Difference between Conventional sources and Non-conventional sources of energy�

S.N.	Conventional Sources of Energy	Non-conventional Sources of Energy
1	Conventional Sources of Energy have been in use for a long time.	Non-conventional Sources of Energy yet in development over the past few years.
2	Conventional Sources of Energy are exhaustible due to over consumption.	Non-conventional Sources of Energy are inexhaustible.
3	Conventional Sources of Energy cause pollution and adds to global warming.	They are environment friendly sources, which does not causes pollution.
4	Conventional Sources of Energy are expensive to be maintained, stored and transmitted.	Non-conventional Sources of Energy less expensive.
5	They are primarily used for industrial and commercial purposes.	They are mainly used for domestic purposes.
6	Conventional Sources of Energy used extensively.	Non-conventional Sources of Energy not used extensively as conventional sources.
7	Conventional Sources of Energy meet a major portion of our requirements.	Non-conventional Sources of Energy meet our requirement on a limited scale.
8	Examples of Conventional Sources of Energy are petrol, coal etc.	Examples of Non-conventional Sources of Energy are solar energy, wind energy, etc.

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Difference between renewable and non-renewable sources of energy�

S.N.	Renewable energy resources	Non-renewable energy resources
1.	It can be used again and again throughout its life.	It cannot be used again and again but one day it will be exhausted.
2.	These are the energy resources which cannot be exhausted.	They are the energy resources which can be exhausted one day.
3.	It has low carbon emission and hence environment friendly.	It has high carbon emission and hence not environment friendly.
4.	It is present in unlimited quantity.	It is present in limited quantity and vanishes one day
5.	Cost is low.	Cost is high.
6.	Renewable energy resources are pollution free.	The non-renewable energy resources are not pollution free.
7.	Life of resources is infinite.	Life of resources is finite and vanishes one day.
8.	It has high maintenance cost.	It has low maintenance cost as compared with the renewable energy resources.
9.	Large land area is required for the installation of its power plant.	Less land area is required for its power plant installation.
10.	Solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy etc. are the examples of renewable resources.	Coal, petroleum, natural gases are the examples of non-renewable resources
11.	Example:	Example:

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Sectoral pattern of consumption of commercial energy (in %)�

Sector	1953-54	1996-97
Household	10	12
Agriculture	1	9
Industries	40	42
Transport	44	22
Others	5	15
Total	100	100

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Primary Sources of Energy

Primary energy is an energy form found in nature that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process.
It is energy contained in raw fuels, and other forms of energy received as input to a system. Primary energy can be non Renewable or renewable.
Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) is a term used to indicate the sum of production and imports subtracting exports and storage changes.

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Final Sources of Energy

Final Sources of Energy are those which are used as a final product.
This involves the transformation process , transforming inputs into final products.
For example – Conversion of Coal into Electricity

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Power (electricity)�

The most visible form of energy, which is often identified with progress in modern civilization is power (electricity).
With the gradual development of various sectors of the economy, the demand for power is increasing year after year.
In order to meet the increasing power requirement, a huge amount of investment is regularly being made on the development of power projects.
In order to have 8 % GDP growth per annum, power supply needs to grow around 12 % annually.

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Sources of power generation�

Sources of Power Generation

Thermal Power

Hydro-electric Power

Nuclear/Atomic Power

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Thermal power:�

When power is generated out of coal, oil and natural gas, it is termed as thermal power.
It is account for 71.28 % of total power generation.
It is a non-renewable source of energy.

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Hydro-electric power�

When power is generated from the waters of fast flowing rivers or high dams, it is termed as hydro-electric power.
It is a renewable source of energy.

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Nuclear or atomic power�

When the power is generated from the radio-active elements like uranium, thorium and plutonium, it is termed as nuclear or atomic power.
It has environmental advantages and is also likely to be economical in the long run.

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Different Sources of Energy

Sources	Thermal	Hydro-electric Power	Nuclear	Total
MW (in’000)	88.6	32.3	3.4	124.3
%	71.28%	25.99 %	2.73 %	100

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Some Challenges in The Power Sector

Inadequate electricity generation (Insufficient installed capacity)
Under Utilization of installed capacity
Poor performance of state electricity boards
Losses incurred by state electricity boards
Uncertain role of private sector (limited role of private and foreign entrepreneurs)
Public unrest (lack of public cooperation)
Shortage of raw materials (inputs)
Transmission and distribution losses.
Operational inefficiency

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Measures to meet Challenges facing the Power Sector

Reduce/control of transmission and distribution losses
Improve in plant load factor
Increase in productive capacity
Promote the use of CFL_s & LED_s to save energy
Encourage private sector participation
Encouragement to Non-conventional sources (renewable sources) of Energy.
Bio gas generation programmes.
Development of hydro potential
Encouragement to FDI and privatisation in Energy production

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Health

Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living organism. In humans it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental or social challenges.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in its 1948 constitution as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

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Development of Health Services after Independence in India

Decline in Death Rate
Reduction in Infant mortality
Rise in expectancy of life
Control over deadly diseases
Reduction in Child Mortality Rate

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State of Health Infrastructure

There has been significant expansion in physical provision of health services and improvements in health indicators since independence.
Public health system and facilities are not sufficient for bulk of the population.
There is a wide gap between rural urban areas and between poor and rich in utilising health care facilities.
Women’s health across the country has become a matter of great concern with reports of increasing cases of female foeticide and mortality.
Regulated private sector health services can improve. The situation and at the same time, NGOs and community participation are very important in providing health care facilities and reading health awareness.
Indian system of medicine (ISDM) AYUSH (Ayurveda, yoga and naturopathy, unani, siddha, homoeopathy needs to be explored.

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Role of private sector�

More than 70 % of the hospitals in India are run by the private sector.
Private sector control nearly 2/5^th of beds available in the hospitals.
Nearly 60 % of dispensaries are run by the private sector.
Private sector provides health cares to 80 % of out-patients and 46 % of in-patients.
In 2001-02, there were more than 13 lakh medical enterprises employing 22 lakh people in private sector.
Many NRIs and industrial and pharmaceuticals companies have set up super-specialty hospitals to attract India’s rich and medical tourists.

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India’s Health Infrastructure and Health Care is made up of a three tier system�

Primary Health Care:

It includes
Maternal and child health care
Promotion of health and provision of essential drugs
Immunisation
Educating the people about identifying, preventing and controlling diseases.

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India’s Health Infrastructure and Health Care is made up of a three tier system

Secondary Health Care:

Health care institute having better facilities for surgery, x-ray, ECG are called Secondary Healthcare institutes.
Patients are referred here when their condition is not managed by PHC.

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India’s Health Infrastructure and Health Care is made up of a three tier system

Tertiary Health Care:

In this sector, there are the hospitals which have advanced level equipment and medicines and undertake all the complicated health problems which could not be managed by primary and secondary hospitals.

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Trends in health care infrastructure�

Items	1951	2005-06
SC/PH/CHC	725	171567
Dispensaries & hospitals	9209	32156
Doctors (modern system)	61800	660801
Nursing personnel	18054	1481270
Beds (private & public)	117198	914543

(Source: Economic Survey: 2007-08)�

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Health Expenditure in India�

Year	Private Expenditure (% of GDP)	Public Expenditure (% of GDP)	Public Expenditure (% of total health expenditure)	Public Expenditure (% of government expenditure)	Total (% of GDP)
1995	2.97	1.05	26.17	4.52	4.02

2001	3.42	1.08	23.97	4.25	4.50

2011	3.16	1.18	27.14	4.42	4.33
2012	3.21	1.18	26.97	4.49	4.39
2013	3.24	1.29	28.41	4.66	4.53
2014	3.28	1.41	30.04	5.05	4.69

(https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/india/health-expenditure)

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Development of health Services in India:�

Decline in Death Rate

Rise in life expectancy
Decline in Infant Mortality Rate
Control over Deadly Diseases
Expansion of health infrastructure has resulted in the eradication of small pox, guinea worms and the near eradication of polio and leprosy.

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Health as an Emerging Challenge:�

Unequal distribution of health care services
Increasing privatisation of health services
Poor sanitation Level
Poor upkeep and maintenance of government health centres and poor management.

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Indian (Indigenous) Systems of Medicines

AYUSH

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The Medical Council of India was established in 1934 under the Indian Medical Council Act, 1933, now repealed, with the main function of establishing uniform standards of higher qualifications in medicine and recognition of medical qualifications in India and abroad.

The Medical Council of India (MCI) is a statutory body for establishing uniform and high standards of medical education in India.
The Council grants recognition of medical qualifications, gives accreditation to medical schools, grants registration to medical practitioners, and monitors medical practice in India.
The current President of MCI is Dr. Jayshreeben Mehta.

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