CPE 408330� Assembly Language and�Microprocessors���

[Computer Engineering Department,

Hashemite University, © 2008]

Chapter 1: Introduction to Microprocessors & Microcomputers

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Microprocessor vs. Microcomputer

• A microprocessor is a central processing unit (CPU) on a single chip and is entirely useless on its own.

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• A microcomputer is a stand-alone system* based on
• Microprocessor
• Memory components
• Interface components
• Timing and control circuits
• Power supply
• An enclosure (e.g. a cabinet or package)

*Stand-alone system : A system that is able to operate independently

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Microprocessor

• A siliconA silicon chipA silicon chip that contains a CPUA silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computersA silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computers, the terms microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. At the heart of all personal computers and most workstationsA silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computers, the terms microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. At the heart of all personal computers and most workstations sits a microprocessor. Microprocessors also control the logic of almost all digitalA silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computers, the terms microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. At the heart of all personal computers and most workstations sits a microprocessor. Microprocessors also control the logic of almost all digital devicesA silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computers, the terms microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. At the heart of all personal computers and most workstations sits a microprocessor. Microprocessors also control the logic of almost all digital devices, from clock radios to fuel-injection systems for automobiles.

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Microcomputer Categories

The microcomputer falls into 2 categories

1. The General-Purpose Digital Computer
2. The Embedded Computer
• Dedicated to specific applications
• Transparent (“invisible”) to the user. (eg. Automatic Bank Teller machine)

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Microprocessor Systems

• Broadly there are 2 types of microcomputer designs.
• The Modular Computer
• Associated with the General-Purpose Digital Computer.
• Designed to execute a broad range of tasks.
• The Single-Board Computer (SBC)
• Associated with the embedded computer.
• Designed to execute a single, fixed task.

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Lecture Outline

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1.1 The IBM and IBM-Compatible Personal Computers (PCs).

1.2 General Architecture of a Microcomputer System.

1.3 Evolution of the Intel Microprocessor Architecture.

1.4 Number Systems.

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1.1 The IBM and IBM-Compatible Personal Computers (PCs).

• Most important advances in computer technology: 16-bit and 32-bit microprocessors.
• Pioneered by Intel since 1970’s and dominated by INTEL since 1980’s:
• 4-bit 4004 in 1971
• 8-bit 8008 in 1972
• 8-bit 8080 and 8085 in 1974
• 16-bit 80286 and 8086, brains of famous IBM PC
• 32-bit 80286 (1982), 80386 (1985), 80486 (1989), Pentium (1993), Pentium II (1997), Celeron and Pentium III (1999) and Pentium 4 (2000)
• 64-bit Itanium (2001)
• Latest 64-bit Pentium 4 and Xeon (2005)

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1.1 The IBM and IBM-Compatible Personal Computers (PCs).

• The original IBM PC:
• 1981 – IBM announces the PC
• Intel 8088 CPU, 4.77 MHz
• IBM PC-DOS (Microsoft-DOS)
• Cassette port, optional internal 5 ¼” single-sided 160KB floppy disk drivers (later double-sided 360KB)

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1.1 The IBM and IBM-Compatible Personal Computers (PCs).

• PCXT PC:
• The XT stands for extended Technology (early 1983)
• 8088 processor running at the ubiquitous 4.77 MHz
• 128KB-640KB Memory
• 5 ¼” floppy disk driver (360KB), 10 or 20MB Hard Disk Drive

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1.1 The IBM and IBM-Compatible Personal Computers (PCs).

• PC/AT PC:
• 6 or 8 MHz 80286 Microprocessor
• Open system bus architecture – 16-bit ISA (Industrial Standard Architecture)
• 128KB-640KB Memory
• 1.2MB 5 ¼” floppy disk driver, 20 or 30MB Hard Disk Drive

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1.1 The IBM and IBM-Compatible Personal Computers (PCs).

• Personal System/2 (Models 30,50, 60, 70, 80):
• IBM introduces the PC/2 Model 25 in 1987 with an 8-MHz Intel 8086. Zero wait states, socket for optional i8087 math coprocessor, PS/2 ports, serial and parallel ports, audio earphone connector.
• New Micro channel bus architecture (16/32 bits).
• Later expanded with Model 25, 55, 65, 90, 95.

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1.1 The IBM and IBM-Compatible Personal Computers (PCs).

• Pentium processor-based PC/AT –compatible computer:
• Either ISA bus or Peripheral Component Interface (PCI) bus.
• PCI bus support 32-bit and 64-bit data transfer
• Offer a wide variety of computing capability

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1.1 The IBM and IBM-Compatible Personal Computers (PCs).

• Mainframe computers, minicomputers and microcomputers.
• File servers and LAN
• Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) Circuit
• Micro processing Unit (MPU)

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1.2 General Architecture of a Microcomputer System

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• The 8088 and 8086 microprocessor:
• 8088 - 8-bit external bus, 16-bit internal architecture.
• 8086 - 16-bit external bus, 16-bit internal architecture.
• MPU performs arithmetic operation and logical decision

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1.2 General Architecture of a Microcomputer System

• Input Unit:
• Keyboard, joystick, mouse, scanner.
• Output Unit:
• CRT display, LCD display, printer.
• Memory Unit:
• Primary storage memory: ROM, RAM.
• Secondary storage memory: floppy-diskette, hard disk drive, CD-ROM, CD-RW, magnetic tape

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1.2 General Architecture of a Microcomputer System

• 1971 Intel introduces its first microprocessor, the 4004, which contained 2250 transistors. The 4004 was designed to process data arranged as 4-bit words.
• Beginning in 1974, a second generation of microprocessors was introduced. These devices, the 8008, 8080, and 8085, were 8-bit microprocessors.

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1.3 Evolution of the Intel Microprocessor Architecture

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1.3 Evolution of the Intel Microprocessor Architecture

• Microprocessor Performance: MIPS
• MIPS: Million Instructions executed Per Second.
• Measured by running a test program called the Drystone program, the resulting performance are normalized to those of a VAX 1.1 computer.
• P4 1GHz RDRAM is capable of delivering up to 1924 VAX MIPS performance.

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1.3 Evolution of the Intel Microprocessor Architecture

• Microprocessor Performance: iCOMP
• iCOMP index is provided by Intel corporation for computing the performance of their 32-bit microprocessors in a PC environment.
• iCOMP rating encompasses performance components that represent integer mathematics, floating-point mathematics, graphics, and video.

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1.3 Evolution of the Intel Microprocessor Architecture

• Microprocessor Performance: iCOMP

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1.3 Evolution of the Intel Microprocessor Architecture

• In 1965 Gordon Moore predicated that the number of transistors in a microprocessor will double every 18 months and this will hold till 1975 …

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1.3 Evolution of the Intel Microprocessor Architecture

• Moore’s law is good for the last 26 years!

1971: 4004 2,250 transistors

1972: 8008 2,500 transistors

1974: 8080 5,000 transistors

1978: 8086 29,000 transistors

1982: 80286 120,000 transistors

1985: 80386 275,000 transistors

1989: 80486 DX 1,180,000 transistors

1993: Pentium 3,100,000 transistors

1997: Pentium II 7,500,000 transistors

1999: Pentium III 24,000,000 transistors

2000: Pentium IV 42,000,000 transistors

2006: Pentium D 376,000,000 transistors

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1.3 Evolution of the Intel Microprocessor Architecture

• Device Complexity:

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1.3 Evolution of the Intel Microprocessor Architecture

• Programmable and embedded microprocessors
• Embedded control applications:
• Event control: e.g. Industrial process control
• Data control: e.g. Hard disk controller interface
• Microcontroller
• Microprocessor for a general-purpose microcomputer

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1.3 Evolution of the Intel Microprocessor Architecture

• Processors for embedded control and reprogrammable applications

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1.3 Evolution of the Intel Microprocessor Architecture

• Programmable and embedded microprocessors
• Architecture compatibility is a critical need of microprocessors developed for use in reprogrammable applications.
• Real-address mode and protected-address-mode.
• 8086/8088 code can run on the 80286, 80386, 80486, and Pentium processor, but the reverse is not true.

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1.3 Evolution of the Intel Microprocessor Architecture

• Code and system-level compatibility

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1.3 Evolution of the Intel Microprocessor Architecture

• Peripheral support for the MPU

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1.3 Evolution of the Intel Microprocessor Architecture

• Decimal number system
• The number of symbols used is called the base or radix of the number system.
• Most Significant Digit (MSD) and Least Significant Digit (LSD).

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1.4 Number Systems

(a) Decimal number system symbols. (b) Digit notation and weights.

• Binary number system
• 11002 = 1(2⁺³) +1(2⁺²) + 0(2⁺¹) + 0(2⁰)

= 1(8) + 1(4) + 0(2) + 0(1)

• = 1210
• 1210 = 00000000000011002

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1.4 Number Systems

(a) Binary number system symbols. (b) Bit notation and weights.

• Conversion between decimal and binary numbers

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1.4 Number Systems

• Example:

Evaluate the decimal equivalent of binary number 101.012.

• Solution:
• 101.012 = 1(2⁺²)+0(2⁺¹) + 1(2⁺⁰) + 0(2^-1) + 1(2^-2)

= 1(4) + 0(2) + 1(1) + 0(1/2) + 1(1/4)

• = 5.2510

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1.4 Number Systems

• Example:

Convert the decimal number 3110 to binary form. Also, express the answer as a byte-wide binary number.

• Solution:

2 31 → 1 LSB

2 15 → 1

2 7 → 1

2 3 → 1

2 1 → 1 MSB

0

3110 = 111112

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1.4 Number Systems

• Example:

Convert the decimal fraction 0.812510 to binary form. Also, express the answer as a byte-wide binary number.

• Solution:

2*0.8125 → 1 MSB

2*0.625 → 1

2*0.25 → 0

2*0.5 → 1

2*0

0.812510 = .11012

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1.4 Number Systems

• Hexadecimal number system
• Machine language programs, addresses, and data are normally expressed as hexadecimal number.

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1.4 Number Systems

(a) Hexadecimal number system symbols. (b) Digit notation and weights.

• Example:

What the decimal number 102A16 represent?

• Solution:
• 102A16 = 1(16⁺³) +0(16⁺²) + 2(16⁺¹) + A(16⁰)

= 1(4096) + 0(256) + 2(16) + A(1)

• = 413810

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1.4 Number Systems

• Example:

Convert the decimal number 413810 to hexadecimal form.

• Solution:

16 4138

16 258 → A LSB

16 16 → 2

16 1 → 0

0 → 1 MSB

413810 = 102A16

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1.4 Number Systems

• Conversion between hexadecimal and binary numbers.
• An H is frequently used instead of a subscript 16 to denote that a value is a hexadecimal number.

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1.4 Number Systems

1. Equivalent binary and hexadecimal numbers.
2. Binary bits and hexadecimal digits.

• Conversion between decimal, binary, and hexadecimal numbers:

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1.4 Number Systems

• Example:

Express the binary number 11111001000010102.

• Solution:
• 11111001000010102 = 1111 1001 0000 1010

= F 9 0 A

= F90A16

• = F90AH

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1.4 Number Systems

• Example:

What is the binary equivalent of the number C31516?

• Solution:
• C31516 = 1100 0011 0001 0101

= 11000011000101012

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1.4 Number Systems

• Solve the following problems from Chapter 1 from the course textbook:

1, 2, 6, 9, 11, 12, 29, 30, 31, 41, 48, 51

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H.W. #1