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Human Geography: People, Place,

and Culture, 11^th Edition

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The Industrial Revolution, as it diffused from its hearth, facilitated improvements in standards of living.

AND

Measures of development are used to understand patterns of social and economic differences at a variety of scales.

Explain the role of the Industrial Revolution in the growth and diffusion of industrialization.

Industrialization began in response to new technologies and was facilitated by the availability of natural resources (e.g., water power, coal, iron ore).
The diffusion of industrialization led to growing populations and increased food supplies, which freed workers to seek industrial jobs in cities.
Increased industrialization led to demands for raw materials and the search for new markets and was a factor in the rise of colonialism and imperialism.

REMEMBER: Identify the different economic sectors.

The economy consists of primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary sectors.

Use Weber’s model to explain industrial location.

Alfred Weber’s model of industrial location emphasized the owner’s desire to minimize transportation and labor costs and maximize agglomeration economies.

Explain social and economic measures of development.

Measures of social and economic development include Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, sectoral structure of an economy, income distribution, fertility rates, infant mortality rates, access to health care, and literacy rates.
Measures of gender inequality include reproductive health, indices of empowerment, and labor-market participation.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure used to show spatial variation in levels of development.
Models like Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth and Wallerstein’s World System Theory help explain spatial variations in development.
The U.N. Millennium Development Goals help measure progress in development.
In contrast to the periphery and semiperiphery, the core countries achieved dominance through industrial production of goods.

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THEN

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Manufacturing made possible by water power, coal, iron ore
expanding trade network focused on Western Europe

Increased WEALTH

Railroad and steam ships increase advantages

The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution- A long story, short

Increase wealth leads to
growing population causing
a need for more food, which is made possible by the new farm tech of the IR, which
frees laborers to work in industry in the cities, which leads to
an increase in demand for raw materials, hence
IMPERIALISM and COLONIALISM

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NOW

Predict how states fare today by coloring the map with the following Key:

Wealthy States

Middle States

Impoverished States

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Wallerstein’s World System’s Theory

Core: Dominant over other nations, use them for their labor and raw materials (Sometimes we call these MDCs-most developed countries)

Semi-periphery: are used by core, but use peripheral states

Periphery: weak, are used by core and semi-periphery (Sometimes called LDCs-least developed countries)

I’m so important!

How did your map compare?

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Rostow’s Stages of Econ Dev.

Group Mini Project Break:

Find a country that matches your stages description.
Explain your rationale
Tell us!

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Agglomeration- clustering like businesses together

Factory district downtown
Artsy area, like west village, NYC

British economist Alfred Marshall: localization theory- an industry localized to 1 area will be more productive EX: Silicon Valley

Geographer Alfred Weber: least cost theory focused on a factory owner’s desire to minimize three categories of costs:

Transportation
Labor (most expensive)
Agglomeration

Provide an example of agglomeration that you can think of in real life.

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Fordist production: Henry Ford’s assembly line
Vertical integration: One company owns many stages of production EX: carnegie steel; raw materials, transportation; factory; sales etc...
Friction of distance: the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increased distance over which commodities must travel.

Ex.: Lobster in MO vs DC; or Furniture, which requires shipment of raw materials to factories to be built, then out to retailers- lots of time, multiple travel expenses=hi price

How would friction of distance impact (choose 1 and explain):

*Salmon

*Avocadoes

*Olive Oil

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Where to Locate?

Bulk Gaining Industry?

end product weighs MORE than raw materials.
needs to be located by sellers due to expensive transpo
ex: cars, all beverages

Bulk Reducing Industry?

end product weighs LESS than raw materials.
needs to be located near the raw materials to defray transpo costs
ex: potato chips, copper, and steel

Draw 1 and label it!

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Maquiladoras

Businesses run in one country, where they have factories (for cheap labor) in Mexico, and bring back the product to the original country

BMW, Chrysler, Acer, Hasbro, Ford, Fisher Price, Casio, General Electric, Hewlett-Packard, Honda, IBM, Bayer, Nabisco, and LOTS more

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Measures of Development

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Social and Econ Development

Gross National Income (GNI)

Qatar(2017) 128,050
US(2017) 60,200
Russia(2017) 24,890
Rwanda(2017) 1,990
Burundi(2017) 730

Fertility Rates
Infant Mortality Rates
Access to Health care
Literacy Rates

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Measures of Gender Inequality

Reproductive Health
Indices of Empowerment
Labor-Market Participation

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Human Development Index (HDI)

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Goals Created by the UN to improve the World