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Basic Networking

Scott Honaker, N7SS

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OSI Model

7. Application layer

NNTP, SIP, SSI, DNS, FTP, Gopher, HTTP, NFS, NTP, SMPP, SMTP, SNMP, Telnet, DHCP, Netconf, etc.

6. Presentation layer

MIME, XDR

5. Session layer

Named pipes, NetBIOS, SAP, PPTP, RTP, SOCKS, SPDY, TLS/SSL

4. Transport layer

kTCP, UDP, SCTP, DCCP, SPX

3. Network layer

IP, IPv4, IPv6, ICMP, IPsec, IGMP, IPX, AppleTalk, X.25

2. Data link layer

ATM, ARP, SDLC, HDLC, CSLIP, SLIP, GFP, PLIP, IEEE 802.2, LLC, L2TP, IEEE 802.3, Frame Relay, PPP, X.25

1. Physical layer

EIA/TIA-232, ITU-T V-Series, SONET/SDH, DSL, IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 1394, USB, Bluetooth, RS-232, RS-449

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Network Topologies

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Ethernet Physical Layer

  • 10BASE-T (10MBit, Baseband, Twisted Pair)
    • Category 3 or 5 network cable
    • 2 pairs required
    • 100 meter maximum length
  • 100BASE-TX (Fast Ethernet)
    • Category 5 network cable
    • 2 pairs required
  • 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet)
    • Category 5e or 6 network cable
    • 4 pairs required

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Telephone Wiring

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Hubs and Bridges

  • Moves ALL traffic to ALL ports
    • OSI Layer 1
  • Allows connecting machines together (provides crossover)
    • Note Uplink Switch
    • Changes MDIX to MDI

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Network Switches

  • Moves packets between ports based on MAC address
    • OSI Layer 2
  • Traffic only flows on necessary ports
  • Lights indicate speed
  • Auto-MDIX

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Routers

  • Moves data packets between IP networks
    • OSI Layer 3
  • Often have dedicated WAN ports
  • Many include LAN switches
  • Generally include firewall
  • Often have DMZ port

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Power over Ethernet (PoE)

  • Used to power access points, cameras, IP phones, sensors, etc.
  • Typically 25w at 44-48 volts available
  • PoE capable switch or power injector required to supply power to cabling
    • May cause issues with some devices
  • Equipment room and Command Vehicles have PoE switches

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Wireless Standards

  • 802.11a – 54Mbs at 5.8Ghz
  • 802.11b – 11Mbs at 2.4Ghz
  • 802.11g – 54Mbs at 2.4Ghz
  • 802.11n – 54-600Mbs at 2.4 and 5.8Ghz
  • 802.11ac – Up to 1Gbs at 5.8Ghz
  • 802.11ad – Up to 7Gbs at 60Ghz
    • Also called “WiGig”
    • Triband units expected early 2014

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2.4 GHz Wireless Channels

  • 802.11b and g use overlapping 22MHz wide channels
  • Full speed 802.11n needs 40MHz wide channel
  • Channel 14 only available outside USA
  • 5.8Ghz offers 21 non-overlapping channels

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Wireless Access Points

  • Moves data between wired and wireless networks
    • OSI Layer 1
  • Supports WEP, WPA and WPA2 encryption
    • WEP uses key of 10 or 26 hexadecimal digits
    • WPA key may be entered either as a �string of 64 hexadecimal digits, �or as a passphrase of 8 to 63 �printable ASCII characters

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Home Wireless Routers

  • Most include WiFi access point, switch and router with firewall
  • Newer models have USB ports to share drives and printers

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Let’s build some cables

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Strip jacket

Remove spiral/strip string

Straighten wires

Place in correct order

Cut wires to length

Insert in connector

Verify proper order

Jacket inside connector

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Other Connectors

  • RJ-45 EZ
    • Wires poke through end
    • Easy with crimper/cutter
    • Can also use knife
  • Multi-part
    • Available in 2 or 3 piece
    • Divider splits pairs
    • Comb holds wires in �order and allows cutting �to length

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Crimp those connectors

Cable should look like this when crimping

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