Unit - V

Nutrition and Deficiency of Disorders

Obesity &

its complications

Introduction

Almost 3 out of 4 people are obese

Definition

Obesity is defined as excessive accumulation of fatty tissue that can hinder the effective functioning of the human body

Markers of obesity

1. Body mass index
2. Waist circumference
3. Waist-to-height ratio

Body mass index

It is a measure of body fat based on height and weight

Waist circumference

Waist circumference is a measurement taken around the abdomen

Causes of Obesity

Physical inactivity

High calorie diets

Pregnancy

Lack of sleep

Drugs

Medical conditions

Causes of Obesity

Family history

Family Lifestyle

Age

Complications of obesity

Depression

Social isolation

Complications of obesity

Physical inability

Discomfort

Complications

Diabetes

Hypertension

Arthritis

Fatty liver

Heart disease

Stroke

Treatment Strategies

Healthy diet

Physical activity

Meditation

Medications

Surgery

Normal

Gastro bypass

Surgery

Gastroplasty

Gastrectomy

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus

Mellitus comes from latin word mel - which mean honey/sweet

Diabetes comes from greek word siphon - a lot of urine is made

What is diabetes mellitus?

The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

1

2

3

Normal blood sugar values

Types of diabetes

Type 1 diabetes - pathogenesis

Normal pancreas attacked by immune cells

Damaged pancreas unable to secrete insulin

Immune cells

Type 2 diabetes - pathogenesis

Food we eat becomes glucose and enter our blood stream and levels goes up

Insulin secreted by pancreas acts as key to unlock the body cells and let the glucose inside

Due to insulin resistance it wont happen

Diabetes

Gestational diabetes

1. It is often diagnosed in middle or late pregnancy.
2. Gestational diabetes must be controlled to protect the baby's growth and development.
3. Because high blood sugar levels in a mother are circulated through the placenta to the baby.
4. Having gestational diabetes does, however, put mothers at risk for developing type 2 diabetes later in life

Symptoms of diabetes

Microvascular complications

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is blood vessel damage in the retina that happens as a result of diabetes

Diabetic nephropathy is blood vessel damage in the renal that happens as a result of diabetes

Complications of diabetes

Diagnosis of diabetes

Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

No food or drink

8 to 12 hrs prior to test

75g of glucose solution

Blood drawn

Measuring glucose level in blood for 3 hours

Treatment

Healthy diet

Medications

Exercise

CARDIOVASCULAR

DISEASES

What is

CVD?

​

Group of disorders of the heart and the blood vessels, includes:

• Hypertension(High BP)
• Coronary heart disease(Heart attack)
• Cerebrovascular disease(Stroke)
• Peripheral vascular disease
• Heart failure
• Rheumatic heart disease
• Congenital heart disease
• Cardiomyopathies

Causes

Symptoms

Food & CVD

• Diet is an important risk factor in coronary heart disease.
• Food-related risk factors include obesity, high blood pressure, uncontrolled diabetes and a diet high in saturated fats.
• A low-saturated fat, high-fibre, high plant food diet can substantially reduce the risk of developing heart disease.

Prevention

Treatment

• Medication, such as to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol, improve blood flow, or regulate heart rhythm.
• Surgery, such as coronary artery bypass grafting or valve repair or replacement surgery.
• Cardiac rehabilitation, including exercise prescriptions and lifestyle counseling.