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“Demos” means “population”

“Graphy” means “describe”

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Introduction… “Demographic Processes”

FERTILITY

MORTALITY

SOCIAL MOBILITY

MIGRATION

MARRIAGE

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Sources

Population censuses
National Sample Surveys
Registration of vital events
Ad hoc demographic studies

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Sources… India

Population Census
Civil Registration System
Population surveys
Sample Registration System (SRS)
Health Surveys, such as National Family Health Surveys, (NFHS)
District Level Household Surveys (DLHS‐RCH ) conducted for assessing progress under the Reproductive and Child Health Program

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Demographic cycle…

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WORLD POPULATION TRENDS

one billion-1800

130 yrs

2^nd billion -around 1930

30 yrs

3rd billion - around 1960

15 yrs

4^th billion - in 1974

12 yrs

5^th billion years - in 1987

12 yrs

6^th billion – 1999

15 yrs

7th billion - 2014

expected - 8 billion by 2025

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Demographic trends in India

With only 2.4 per cent of the world’s land area, but supporting about 17.5 per cent of the world’s population

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Demographic indicators

Population statistics

Population size
Sex ratio
Population density
Dependency ratio

Vital statistics

Birth rate
Death rate
Growth rate
Life expectancy at birth
Mortality rates
Fertility rates

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Birth rate

“The number of live births per 1000 estimated mid-year population, in a given year”

Universality of marriage
Early marriage
Early puberty
Low standard of living
Low level of literacy
Traditional customs and habits
Absence of family planning

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Death rate

“The number of deaths per 1000 estimated mid-year population, in a given year”

Disease Control Medicines
Public Health Programs
Medical Facilities
Spread of Education
Women and child health
Food Supply
Life Expectancy

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Indicators of mortality

Maternal mortality rates
Infant mortality rates
Under 5 mortality rates
Age specific death rate
Cause specific death rate
Proportional mortality rate

NFHS 5 data

Neonatal mortality rate (NNMR) dropped from 29.5 TO 24.9
IMR dropped down from 40.7 TO 35.2
Under-five mortality rate has reduced from 49.7 TO 41.9
MMR reduced from 130 in 2014-16 per lakh live births to 97 in 2018-20

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Growth rate

When the crude death rate is subtracted from the crude birth rate, the net residual is the current annual growth rate, exclusive of migration

The world population growth rate - an estimated 1.92 per cent in 1970

Decline since then to 1.1 per cent in 2019

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Age and sex composition

The age-sex structure of a population refers to the number of females and males in different age groups.

A population pyramid is used to show the age-sex structure of the population.
The shape of the population pyramid reflects the characteristics of the population.

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Population pyramid

“Age and Sex” pyramid- a graphical representation

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Sex ratio

“the number of females per 1000 males”

Male child preference
Gender inequities
Neglect of the girl child
Higher mortality at younger age
Female infanticide
Female feticide
Higher maternal mortality
Male bias in enumeration of population

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Dependency ratio

The average number of economically dependent population per 100 economically productive population, for a given country, territory, or geographic area, at a specific point in time.

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Dependency ratio…

“Demographic bonus" - the period when the dependency ratio in a population declines because of decline In fertility, until it starts to rise again because of increasing longevity

If investment in health care and education for skill development are made during this period- maximum underlying rapid economic development

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Family size

Total number of children borne by a woman during her child-bearing age, which is generally assumed to be between 15 and 45 years

Duration of marriage
education of the couple
the number of live births and living children
preference of male children
desired family size

Undoubtedly important from the demographic point of view

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Density of population

Number of persons living per square kilometer area

More exploitation of natural resources
Low Per Capita Income
Low Quality of Life
Environmental Degradation
The number of unproductive consumers increases
Unemployment

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Urbanization…

The increase in urban population – due to

Natural growth
Migration from villages - employment opportunities, better living conditions and availability of education, health, transport, entertainment etc.

Impair the quality of life

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Literacy rate

A person is deemed as literate if he or she can read and write with understanding in any language

Government of India has made education compulsory up to the age of 14 years in the country

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Life expectancy

Expectation of life - at a given age is the average number of years which a person of that age may expect to live, according to the mortality pattern prevalent in that country
Demographers consider it as one of the best indicators of a country’s level of development and of the overall health status of its population

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Impact of demography on health

The health and health care needs of a population cannot be measured or met without demographic knowledge of its size and characteristics
This understanding is a pre-requisite for making the forecasts about future population size and structure which should underpin health care planning

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Impact of demography on health…

Compare between countries
Compare between states in a country
Foundation for health planning
Distribution of health services
Health education
Global and national awareness
Development of a country over a period of time especially in health
Changes in health due to migration , cultural shifts, lifestyle changes, urbanization etc.

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