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Anatomy

• Is the study of structure of the body and the relations among structures
• Greek means to cut
• Latin means to dissect

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• Physiology is the study of function.
• Structure and function are inseparable.

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Vocabulary of the anatomy

• Anatomy has a highly specialized vocabulary, inherited from previous centuries; much of Greek and Latin

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• Many of the words have precise meaning, and their accurate use is important

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Vocabulary of the anatomy

• If everyone uses the same terminology, then it is easier to understand what each of us is trying to say.

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Vocabulary of the anatomy

• In this Anatomical Position, the body is assumed to be standing (animal stands on his four limbs, the feet together, the head and eyes facing forwards and palms of the hands facing downwards.

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

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• Median Plane: Divides the head, body, or limb longitudinally into equal right and left halves.

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• Sagittal Plane: Passes through the head, body, or limb parallel to the median plane.

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• Transverse Plane: Cuts across the head, body, or limb at a right angle to its long axis or across the long axis of an organ or a part. Divides the body into cranial and caudal.

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

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• Transverse Plane: Cuts across the head, body, or limb at a right angle to its long axis or across the long axis of an organ or a part. Divides the body into cranial and caudal.
• Dorsal Plane: Runs at right angles to the median and transverse planes and thus divides the body or head into dorsal and ventral portions.

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

• DORSAL: Toward or relatively near the back and corresponding surface of the head, neck, and tail;

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• VENTRAL: Toward or relatively near the belly and the corresponding surface of the head, neck, thorax, and tail.
• This term is never used for the limbs.

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

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• MEDIAL: Toward or relatively near the median plane.

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• LATERAL: Away from or relatively farther from the median plane

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

• CRANIAL: Toward or relatively near the head
• On the limbs it applies proximal to the carpus and tarsus.
• When referring to the head it is replaced by the term rostral.

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• ROSTRAL: Toward or relatively near the nose; applies to the head only

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• CAUDAL: Toward or relatively near the tail
• On the limbs it applies proximal to the carpus and tarsus.

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

• INTERNAL OR INNER: Close to, or in the direction of the center of an organ, body cavity, or structure.
• EXTERNAL OR OUTER: Away from the center of an organ or structure.
• SUPERFICIAL: Relatively near the surface of the body or the surface of a solid organ.
• DEEP: Relatively near the center of the body or the center of a solid organ.

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

• PROXIMAL: Relatively near the main mass or origin;
• In the limbs and tail is the attached end.

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• DISTAL: Away from the main mass or origin
• In the limbs and tail is the free end.

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Basic Movements

• FLEXION: The movement of one bone in relation to another in such a manner that the angle formed at their joint is reduced.

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• EXTENSI0N: The movement of one bone upon another such that the angle formed at their joint increases. The limb reaches out or is extended

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Basic Movements

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• ABDUCTI0N: The movement of a part away from the median plane.

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• ADDUCTI0N: The movement toward the median plane.

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