Student Science Journal
6.2.1 - 6.2.2
Matter and Energy
Name ____________________
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Episode #1 - Looking at the World
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6.2.1 - 6.2.2
Patch of Grass | Blade of Grass |
Grass Under Magnifying Glass | Grass Under Microscope |
What patterns did you observe in the grass?
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How did what you observe change as the scale changed?
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Based on the patterns observed, what would you expect to see when looking at the blade of grass on an even smaller scale?
Using the evidence that you have gathered, what would you predict to see if you could zoom into the smallest level of any type of matter?
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6.2.1 - 6.2.2
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6.2.1 - 6.2.2
Atoms are the building blocks for all matter. Every substance in the world can be broken down into smaller and smaller pieces until all you have left is one atom. An atom is the smallest particle of an element that still has the same properties as that element. Atoms are very small. The length of just one atom is less than one-billionth of a meter! If that is hard to imagine, think of this: TRILLIONS of atoms would fit inside the period at the end of this sentence.
Scientists have discovered many different kinds of atoms—from hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms, neon atoms to gold atoms, and sodium atoms to helium atoms. These specific types of atoms are known as elements. The Periodic Table of Elements shows all of the types of atoms that have been discovered. Look at the table below. Do you see any elements you recognize?
Atoms and Molecules
What do air, water, and rocks have in common?
They are all made up of atoms!
But wait! Can you think of any substances that exist that aren’t found on the Periodic Table of Elements? Water is a pretty important part of our survival on Earth, but it is missing from the table. If water is not an element, then what is it made of?
Most substances are made when the right combination of atoms come together to form something new. For example, many oxygen atoms combine to create the oxygen that we breathe, but when an oxygen atom combines with two hydrogen atoms, it creates a new substance we call water! H₂O!
The oxygen atom is still oxygen and the hydrogen atoms are still hydrogen, but when these atoms combine together in those quantities, they form a water molecule. A molecule is formed when different kinds and amounts of atoms bond together. Just like how the 26 letters of the alphabet can create millions of different words, 118 elements can combine in different ways to create millions of different molecules.
Atoms are really just one part of a larger system. Atoms combine to make molecules, molecules combine to make all types of substances, all types of substances combine to make our Earth, and, finally, this combines to make everything in the Universe! All of this is just thanks to atoms!
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What makes up matter?
Using the evidence that you have gathered and the words in the word bank, create an explanation of matter.
Word bank: atoms, matter, combine, particles, substance
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Oxygen
Oxygen
Chlorine
Chlorine
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon
Carbon
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Episode #2 - Atoms & Molecules
There are many substances that exist as two or more atoms. These atoms are connected together so strongly that they behave as a single particle. These multi-atom combinations are called molecules. A molecule is the smallest part of a substance that has the physical and chemical properties of that substance. In some respects, a molecule is similar to an atom. Examples of atoms and molecules are pictures below.
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Observations | Questions |
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What are some similarities between water and hydrogen peroxide?
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What are some differences between water and hydrogen peroxide?
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Pick two other substances that you are familiar with from the options listed on the previous page and list similarities and differences
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A chemical formula represents the exact number and type of atoms present in a single molecule of a compound. It uses chemical symbols and subscripts to show the composition of the molecule. Chemical symbols are usually the first one or two letters of the atoms name. The subscript numbers represent how many of the specific atom is being used.
sodium
Na
sulfur
S
nitrogen
N
carbon
C
chloride
Cl
oxygen
O
hydrogen
H
sodium hydroxide NaOH | Chlorine Cl2 |
methane CH4 | hydrogen peroxide H2O2 |
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sulfur dioxide SO2 | sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) NaHCO3 |
carbon monoxide C0 | sulfuric acid H2SO4 |
6.2.1 - 6.2.2
Using the evidence you gathered, create a model of what a molecule is, and why there are so many different molecules?
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Episode #2b - Molecules
Draw what molecules are found in …
Glass of Water | Water Tower | Ice |
| | |
Using the enlarged water droplet below, draw dots to estimate how many water molecules are found in a drop of water.
What is your group’s estimation of how many molecules are in a drop of water? ________________
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Size of a Molecule
How many water molecules are in 1 cup of water?
4,800 x ____________ = _________ molecules in a cup of water
Based on your evidence, why are there so many molecules in just one cup of water?
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attribution © Karl Harrison 3DChem.com
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Matter is Made in 2 Different Ways
Pure substances are made from the same kind of molecules coming together in different quantities. Some examples of pure substances include water, salt, and carbon dioxide. Whether you have a pool full of water or a drop of water, both are made entirely of water molecules, and each water molecule is made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom.
However, if you make lemonade from water, you no longer have a pure substance. To make lemonade you have to add sugar molecules and lemon. Lemonade is an example of how you can use a pure substance to make a non-pure substance.
Non-pure substances are made of different kinds and quantities of molecules. Examples of non-pure substances are lemonade, chocolate, gasoline, playdough, and macaroni. The molecular recipe to make a non-pure substance is exact, kind of like the recipe used to make a chocolate chip cookie. If you change the type of ingredients or the amount of specific ingredients, then you will not end up with a good chocolate chip cookie. The ratio of ingredients to make a non-pure substance will remain the same as the amount of that substance increases or decreases. For example, if you want to make 4 dozen cookies instead of 1 dozen cookies, then you would need 10 cups of flour, 8 cups of sugar, and 4 cups of chocolate chips, instead of 2 ½ cups of flour, 2 cups of sugar, and 1 cup of chocolate chips that the original recipe called for. You have to take all the amounts in the original recipe and times them by 4 so the ratios stayed the same.
Playdough is a non-pure substance. It is made of starch molecules, salt molecules, and water molecules. You must use specific amounts of each molecule to create playdough because if you vary the amounts of any of the ingredients, you will get something different like pasta noodles. Pasta noodles are also made of starch, salt, and water but in different quantities. The recipe for playdough is 2 starch, 1 salt, and 1 water. The recipe for pasta noodles is 12 starch, 1 salt, and 5 water.
Starch + Salt + Water = Playdough
2(C6H10O5) + 1(NaCl) + 1(H2O) = C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 + NaCl + H2O = Playdough
Starch + Salt + Water = Pasta Noodles
12(C6H10O5) + 1(NaCl) + 5(H2O) = C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 + C6H10O5 + NaCl + H2O + H2O = Pasta
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Playdough | ||
Starch (flour) | Salt | Water |
2 | 1 | 1 |
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Pasta Noodles | ||
Starch (flour) | Salt | Water |
12 | 1 | 5 |
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Why are there so many types of matter?
Using the evidence that you have gathered and the words in the word bank, create an explanation of why there are so many different types of matter.
Word bank: atoms, molecules, matter, combination, quantity
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Episode #3 - States of Matter
What is the structure of the molecules?
Look at the pictures of solids, liquids, and gases and create a model of the structure of molecules within different types of matter.
Look at the different states of water. Using the evidence you have gathered complete the table.
6.2.1 - 6.2.2
Solids | Liquids | Gasses |
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| Solid | Liquid | Gas |
Illustration of the molecules in the different states of matter | | | |
Behavior of molecules | | | |
Characteristics of matter based on behavior and structure of molecules | | | |
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Using your model, construct an explanation of how the particle motion and density within solids, liquids, and gases affects the properties of matter.
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Episode #4 - Changing States of Matter
Describe what you see in each video. What is happening on the visible and molecular level? Include the heat source and the flow of heat energy.
Video # 1 |
Video # 2 |
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Describe what you see in each video. What is happening on the visible and molecular level? Include the heat source and the flow of heat energy.
Video # 3 |
Video # 4 |
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Use your models and the evidence you have gathered to describe the effect of adding heat energy to a solid and a liquid at a visible and a molecular level?
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6.2.1 - 6.2.2
Use the words from the word bank to fill in the blanks in the sentence to create 3 different cause and effect statements about what happens to matter when heat energy is added.
Word bank: sold, liquid, gas, particles, moving, removing, adding, more, less
________________ heat energy causes a ________________ to change to a
_______________ because the molecules become ________________dense.
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Episode #5 - What is heat?
Predict what will happen with the toothpicks. Why do you think that? |
Record your observations while watching the video. |
Create a model of the phenomenon. |
Model Bank: |
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6.2.1 - 6.2.2
Explainer: How heat moves
Processes by which energy can be transferred from one place to another.
By Sid Perkins September 30, 2016 at 6:15 am
Throughout the universe, it’s natural for energy to flow from one place to another. Heat is movement of molecules and the transfer of energy that naturally flows in one direction: from hot toward cold.
Heat moves naturally by any of three means. The processes are known as conduction, convection and radiation. Sometimes more than one may occur at the same time.
First, a little background. All matter is made from atoms — either single ones or those bonded in groups known as molecules. These atoms and molecules are always in motion. If they have the same mass, atoms and molecules in hot environments move, on average, faster than those in cold environments. Even if atoms are locked in a solid, they still vibrate back and forth around some average position.
In a liquid, atoms and molecules are free to flow from place to place. Within a gas, they are even more free to move and will completely spread out within the volume in which they are trapped.
Some of the most easily understood examples of heat flow occur in your kitchen.
Put a pan on a stovetop and turn on the heat. The metal sitting over the burner will be the first part of the pan to get hot. Atoms in the pan’s bottom will start to vibrate faster as they warm. They also vibrate farther back and forth from their average position. As they bump into their neighbors, they share with that neighbor some of their energy. (Think of this as a very tiny version of a cue ball slamming into other balls during a game of billiards. The target balls, previously sitting still, gain some of the cue ball’s energy and move.)
As a result of collisions with their warmer neighbors, atoms start moving faster. In other words, they are now warming. These atoms, in turn, transfer some of their increased energy to neighbors even farther from the original source of heat. This conduction of heat through a solid metal is how the handle of a pan gets hot even though it may be nowhere near the source of heat
What is heat and how does it affect molecules? _______________________
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Rod Molecule A spoon is a solid object. Its molecules are packed closely together and are moving slightly in place. | Toothpick Molecule A toothpick is a solid object. Its molecules are packed closely together and are moving slightly in place. |
Rod Molecule A spoon is a solid object. Its molecules are packed closely together and are moving slightly in place. | The Flame The flame is a source of heat energy that causes the molecules to move faster. |
Rod Molecule A spoon is a solid object. Its molecules are packed closely together and are moving slightly in place. | Wax Molecule A wax is a solid object that can easily change into a liquid. Its molecules are packed closely together and are moving slightly in place. |
Toothpick Molecule A toothpick is a solid object. Its molecules are packed closely together and are moving slightly in place. | Wax Molecule A wax is a solid object that can easily change into a liquid. Its molecules are packed closely together and are moving slightly in place. |
6.2.1 - 6.2.2
Toothpick Molecule A toothpick is a solid object. Its molecules are packed closely together and are moving slightly in place. | Wax Molecule A wax is a solid object that can easily change into a liquid. Its molecules are packed closely together and are moving slightly in place. |
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Episode #6 - Heat Affects Density
6.2.1 - 6.2.2
The experiment uses the same amount of each liquid. Draw a model of 3 of the substances and their molecular density.
Observations | Questions |
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Room Temperature Water
Hot Temperature Water
Cold Temperature Water
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What does density measure? _____________________________________
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What happens to the density of the water molecules as water is warmed or cooled?
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6.2.1 - 6.2.2
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Episode #7 - How does energy flow through matter?
Draw a model of each system. Label all matter and energy in the system. Show how energy flows through the system. Show where there are areas of high energy and areas of low energy and how that changes when heat is added or removed from the system.
Video #1 |
Video #2 |
Use your model to explain how either adding or removing energy affects matter. |
6.2.1 - 6.2.2
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Extension - What’s In the Air?
What is air?
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Why can we feel air?
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What is in the air we breath?
Gas | Percent Found in the Air | Molecular Formula | Diagram of Molecule | Facts |
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Trace Gases 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. | | Facts: | ||
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What Gases Make Up the Air We Breathe?
The Earth’s atmosphere is a layer of gas held in place by gravity, which prevents it from escaping into space. It protects life by absorbing UV radiation, by holding in heat to warm the Earth’s surface and by reducing temperature extremes between day and night. The gases that comprise the atmosphere are commonly referred to as air, which is what all living things on Earth breathe.
Nitrogen: Abundant and Inert
It’s a common misconception that oxygen is the most abundant gas in the air breathed on Earth; that honor goes to nitrogen, which makes up 78 percent of the air. Nitrogen occurs as N2 — two nitrogen atoms bonded together. The bond is very strong, making the gas chemically inert. Although inhaled nitrogen passes into the bloodstream, it is not used by the cells in the body. However, since nitrogen is essential for life — it is found in RNA, DNA and proteins — it must be converted to compounds with less stable bonds to be used by animals. One way this happens is through nitrogen fixation in plants.
Oxygen: Life-Giving Gas
Making up almost 21 percent of the air all living things breathe, oxygen is absorbed by the lungs, or lung-like structures in lower animals, and transported to all cells in the body by the blood. Oxygen occurs as O2--two oxygen atoms bonded together. Oxygen is the most unstable, and therefore the most chemically active, gas found in air. Although all animals need oxygen, it can be deadly in higher-than-normal concentrations: Breathing pure oxygen for extended periods leads to oxygen toxicity. In addition to its role in biology, oxygen is essential for combustion, the chemical process responsible for fire.
Argon: Noble Gas
The third-most abundant gas in the air on Earth is argon, although it makes up less than 1 percent of air. Argon is classified as a noble gas in chemistry, meaning it is very stable and seldom reacts with other compounds. It occurs as just Ar--one atom alone. The argon in the air comes mainly from the decay of potassium-40, a radioactive isotope in the Earth’s crust. The bulk of argon used in science is acquired by fractional distillation of air in its liquid form.
Trace Gases
There are several additional gases present in the atmosphere in minute amounts. These gases are referred to as trace gases and include water vapor (H20), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), helium (He), hydrogen (H2), and ozone O3). These gases each have their own purpose and forms of production. Methane, for example, is a powerful greenhouse gas, trapping heat in the earth’s atmosphere. Ozone is found in two distinct layers of the atmosphere: high in the stratosphere, where it blocks harmful ultraviolet light from the sun, and the lower atmosphere, where it is one of the components of smog.
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Air Pollution
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6.2.1 - 6.2.2
Draw what the air looks like without pollutants and then draw what the air looks like with pollutants.
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Pollutant | Sources | Effects |
Ozone O3 A gas that can be found in two places. Near the ground (the troposphere), it is a major part of smog. The harmful ozone in the lower atmosphere should not be confused with the protective layer of ozone in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere), which screens out harmful ultraviolet rays. | Ozone is not created directly, but is formed when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds mix in sunlight. That is why ozone is mostly found in the summer. Nitrogen oxides come from burning gasoline, coal, or other fossil fuels. | Ozone near the ground can cause a number of health problems. Ozone can lead to more frequent asthma attacks in people who have asthma and can cause sore throats, coughs, and breathing difficulty. It may even lead to premature death. Ozone can also hurt plants and crops. |
Carbon monoxide CO A gas that comes from the burning of fossil fuels, mostly in cars. It cannot be seen or smelled. | Carbon monoxide is released when engines burn fossil fuels. Emissions are higher when engines are not tuned properly, and when fuel is not completely burned. Cars emit a lot of the carbon monoxide found outdoors. Furnaces and heaters in the home can emit high concentrations of carbon monoxide, too. | Carbon monoxide makes it hard for body parts to get the oxygen they need to run correctly. Exposure to carbon monoxide makes people feel dizzy and tired and gives them headaches. In high concentrations it is fatal. Elderly people with heart disease are hospitalized more often when they are exposed to higher amounts of carbon monoxide. |
Nitrogen dioxide N02 A reddish-brown gas that comes from the burning of fossil fuels. It has a strong smell at high levels. | Nitrogen dioxide mostly comes from power plants and cars. Nitrogen dioxide is formed in two ways-when nitrogen in the fuel is burned, or when nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen at very high temperatures. Nitrogen dioxide can also react in the atmosphere to form ozone, acid rain, and particles. | High levels of nitrogen dioxide exposure can give people coughs and can make them feel short of breath. People who are exposed to nitrogen dioxide for a long time have a higher chance of getting respiratory infections. Nitrogen dioxide reacts in the atmosphere to form acid rain, which can harm plants and animals. |
Particulate matter Solid or liquid matter that is suspended in the air. To remain in the air, particles usually must be less than 0.1-mm wide and can be as small as 0.00005 mm. | Particulate matter can be divided into two types-coarse particles and fine particles. Coarse particles are formed from sources like road dust, sea spray, and construction. Fine particles are formed when fuel is burned in automobiles and power plants. | Particulate matter that is small enough can enter the lungs and cause health problems. Some of these problems include more frequent asthma attacks, respiratory problems, and premature death. |
Sulfur dioxide SO2 A corrosive gas that cannot be seen or smelled at low levels but can have a “rotten egg“ smell at high levels. | Sulfur dioxide mostly comes from the burning of coal or oil in power plants. It also comes from factories that make chemicals, paper, or fuel. Like nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide reacts in the atmosphere to form acid rain and particles. | Sulfur dioxide exposure can affect people who have asthma or emphysema by making it more difficult for them to breathe. It can also irritate people's eyes, noses, and throats. Sulfur dioxide can harm trees and crops, damage buildings, and make it harder for people to see long distances. |
Major Air Pollutants
Air pollution is a real public health and environmental problem that can lead to-among other things-global warming, acid rain, and the deterioration of the ozone layer. This chart names some common pollutants, their sources, and their effect on the environment.
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Lead Pb A blue-gray metal that is very toxic and is found in a number of forms and locations. | Outside, lead comes from cars in areas where unleaded gasoline is not used. Lead can also come from power plants and other industrial sources. Inside, lead paint is an important source of lead, especially in houses where paint is peeling. Lead in old pipes can also be a source of lead in drinking water. | High amounts of lead can be dangerous for small children and can lead to lower IQs and kidney problems. For adults, exposure to lead can increase the chance of having heart attacks or strokes. |
Toxic air pollutants A large number of chemicals that are known or suspected to cause cancer. Some important pollutants in this category include arsenic AS2O3, asbestos Mg3Si3O5(OH)4, benzene C6H6, and dioxin C4H4O2. | Each toxic air pollutant comes from a slightly different source, but many are created in chemical plants or are emitted when fossil fuels are burned. Some toxic air pollutants, like asbestos and formaldehyde, can be found in building materials and can lead to indoor air problems. Many toxic air pollutants can also enter the food and water supplies. | Toxic air pollutants can cause cancer. Some toxic air pollutants can also cause birth defects. Other effects depend on the pollutant, but can include skin and eye irritation and breathing problems. |
Stratospheric ozone depleters Chemicals that can destroy the ozone in the stratosphere. These chemicals include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and other compounds that include chlorine or bromine. | CFCs are used in air conditioners and refrigerators, since they work well as coolants. They can also be found in aerosol cans and fire extinguishers. Other stratospheric ozone depleters are used as solvents in industry. | If the ozone in the stratosphere is destroyed, people are exposed to more radiation from the sun (ultraviolet radiation). This can lead to skin cancer and eye problems. Higher ultraviolet radiation can also harm plants and animals. |
Greenhouse gases. Gases that stay in the air for a long time and warm up the planet by trapping sunlight. This is called the “greenhouse effect“ because the gases act like the glass in a greenhouse. Some of the important greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. | Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas. It comes from the burning of fossil fuels in cars, power plants, houses, and industry. Methane is released during the processing of fossil fuels, and also comes from natural sources like cows and rice paddies. Nitrous oxide comes from industrial sources and decaying plants. | The greenhouse effect can lead to changes in the climate of the planet. Some of these changes might include more temperature extremes, higher sea levels, changes in forest composition, and damage to land near the coast. Human health might be affected by diseases that are related to temperature or by damage to land and water. |
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What are the causes of air pollution?
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How does pollution affect the density of air?
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Use the word bank to write an explanation of what causes an inversion.
Word bank: air, pollutants, cold, warm, molecules, movement, density
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6.2.1 - 6.2.2