AP Human Geography Units 7, MCQs & FRQs
Unit 7
Industrial and economic development shape the global landscape, transforming societies from agricultural to manufacturing-based economies. This process involves technological innovation, shifts in labor patterns, and changes in economic structures, leading to increased productivity and living standards. Globalization has accelerated these changes, creating interconnected economies and complex supply chains. Key concepts like GDP, outsourcing, and foreign direct investment highlight the intricate relationships between nations, while challenges such as inequality and environmental concerns continue to shape future development paths.
Economic Sectors
Quinary sector: Executives such as business leaders or elected government officials
Mostly exclusive to core countries.
Primary sector: Extract resources
periphery /semi-periphery
Secondary sector: Process resources
semi-periphery /periphery
Tertiary sector: Services
core countries /semi-periphery
Quaternary sector : Processing information and people’s money
FIRE - Finance, Insurance, Real Estate
OPM - Other People’s Money
exclusive to core countries.
BRICS: Countries about to enter core
Brazil – Russia – India – China- South Africa
MINT: Following BRICS nations
Mexico – Indonesia – Nigeria - Turkey
Construction of world economy (3 C’s)
INCREASING WEIGHT
REDUCING WEIGHT
Maquiladoras in Mexico
Measures of Development
Human Development Index (HDI)
0 - 1; closer to 1 is best.
Measures country’s development
● Standard of living
● Life expectancy
● Access to education
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Total monetary value of all output goods and services in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country.
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
GNI minus the operating cost of the country
Operating costs include salaries, raw material costs, etc.
PPP can be used as a statistic for costs of goods. PPP is used to measure standard of life in countries.
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
0-1: 0 is best
Measures:
● Female empowerment
● Women in the labor force
● Reproductive health
Declined in nearly every country since the 1990s
Microloans from NGOs
and small businesses
Dependency Theory
Core countries want cheap commodities.
Periphery and semi-periphery countries are dependent on core countries to buy the commodities.
If your country’s exports are 60% or more commodities, your country is commodity dependent.
World Economy and Trade �
Free trade organizations
Organizations between multiple countries to establish free trade laws to encourage trade.
Examples: NAFTA/USMCA, EU, Mercosur, OPEC, ASEAN
Complementary relationship - when both sides have a good that the other side wants, so they have an incentive to trade the goods with each other.
Comparative advantage - when one side can do something with less resources than the other, so they specialize in that thing, while other sides can specialize in other things.
Imbalance in trade
If one country thinks the trade is unfair for their country, they might try to stop trade with that country to balance out the trade.
Interdependence
The world economy is interdependent, so a problem in one country’s economy could spread to many other countries. Wallerstein systems theory
Neoliberalism
Free trade, less restriction on trade policies
Prefer private control of businesses rather than public control.
Free market economies
Outsourcing causes EPZs�
Call centers Textile Outsourcing Deindustrialization
Manufacturing is moved to other NIC / LDC countries
Core countries focused on Tertiary, Quaternary, and Quinary jobs.
Malaysia, India, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam
top emerging countries for textile outsourcing
Changes to world economy
Technopoles
A hub for information-based industry and high-tech manufacturing
Allows the area to attract highly educated labor required for tech firms.
Just-in-time delivery
Factories do not want to store parts
Downside to manufacturing
● Coal, petroleum, etc. (fossil fuels) bad for environment
● Manufacturing is bad for environment
● Global warming, possibly past the point of no return
● Acid rain
● Hazardous waste in medical waste and mining operations
���Let’s take a minute to test your knowledge
Exam layout
You will be given 60 minutes to answer the 60 multiple-choice questions in Section I: 50% of exam
75 minutes to answer the three Free Response Questions(FRQ) in Section II: 50% of exam
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MCQ: Elimination Game
If you get a question that you can not immediately answer, the best way to approach the question is to eliminate all the wrong answers.
First, REMOVE answers related to concepts that are not relevant to the question you’re answering.
SECOND, you should eliminate answers that relate to the question being asked but make a mistake or fail to sufficiently cover the question.
THIRD, you should be left with the correct answer or at least have it narrowed down to two choices, which makes your task much easier.
I’m down to 2 choices
Sometimes you will find yourself choosing between two different answers.
The best way to approach this situation is by asking yourself how this question would be worded to make each answer correct. The wording of the ideal question for each answer will give you a strong clue as to which is better.
The wording that is closest to the actual question is most likely the correct choice.
Testing your answers
In addition to using the process of elimination to help narrow down the possible answers, you could also test your answers. This effect can be achieved by making sure that you could explain why your answer is, in fact, an answer to the question being asked.
Skipping
Remember, it's always better to get one hard question wrong because you skipped it than to get 5 easy questions wrong because you didn't have time.
You are scored with the total number of correct answers!!!!
Rephrase
Sometimes you understand the concept, just not the question
If the question says "A negative consequence of the internal migration of the United States of America is-"
You could rephrase the question to "Bad effect of people moving inside of the USA is-"
Pick 1 Letter of the Day
Pick 1 Letter of the Day (LOTD) before you even start the exam .️
When you use a single LOTD, you increase your probability of getting each individual question correct
This may seem confusing in theory but if you have a four-question test and you bubble B for every answer, you have a 25% chance of getting all the questions correct.
Free Response Questions
For each of the three FRQ’s, you can receive a maximum of 7 points for a total of 21 points.
Free Response Questions are not meant to be crazy long and can usually be answered in one paragraph or less.
Always use full sentences for each response and be sure to explain any statements you make
The 3 FRQs
The first FRQ does not include any stimuli.
The second will include one stimulus.
The third will include two stimuli.
Go for the easiest question first
Read all the introductory statements for the three free-response questions in the section before you start answering any of the individual parts can help you decide where to begin.
If you see a topic that is especially familiar, you should go to that question first as you'll be able to answer it the fastest and get the most points
1: Read the Introductory Statement�
Before you start in on the first part of the question, be sure to read the short introductory blurb and or the stimuli. It sets up the topic you'll be analyzing and gives you firmer ground to stand on when addressing the rest of the question.
2: Identify the Task Verb (and Understand What It Means)�
In each part of the question (A-G), it's a good idea to underline the specific task verb at play, that is, what it's asking you to do.
This should help you keep yourself on track when responding to the question. Identifying these verbs will also get you in the habit of paying closer attention to the differences between each of the tasks.
Close the Loop
On every response always refer to the initial blurb or stimuli. You must ensure that every answer leads back to the what you are being asked to answer so you do not stray off topic. Answer what they are asking, give good examples and move on to the next question.
THANK YOU