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Introduction to Geographical Information System (GIS)

P.L.N. Raju

Director, Assam State Space Application Centre &

Special Secretary, Science Technology and Climate Change

 

NAKSHA Training Program

National Centre of Excellence on Land Governance

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Topics to be covered

  • Basic Concepts of GIS
  • Key Elements of GIS
  • Types of GIS Data
  • Definition and advantages of Web GIS

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NAKSHA�National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations

Objectives and Scope

    • Accurate Land Records:
    • Enhanced Urban Planning:
    • Dispute Reduction:
    • Improved Governance

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NAKSHA�National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations

  • Key Features
    • Advanced Survey Techniques:
    • Web-GIS Platform
    • Pilot Implementation
    • Capacity Building: Centres of Excellence across the country, including the Northeast Region Centre of Excellence in Guwahati, Assam.

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NAKSHA�National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations

  • Implementation and Collaboration
    • Survey of India:
      • Providing technical expertise for aerial surveys and mapping.
    • National Informatics Centre Services Inc. (NICSI):
    • Madhya Pradesh State Electronic Development Corporation (MPSEDC):
      • Developing the Web-GIS platform.
    • State and UT Governments:
      • Conducting field surveys and ground verification to authenticate collected data.

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E. W. Gilbert's version (1958) of John Snow's 1855 map of the Soho cholera outbreak showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854

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Evolution of GIS

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Components of GIS

Hardware

Software

Data

Analysis

People

GIS

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Collection of Spatial Data

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Scanners

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GIS SOFTWARES

  • Proprietary S/W s
  • Open source S/W
  • Free Software’s

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List out one proprietary software?

List out one Open source Software?

List out one free software?

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Question time

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General Understanding of GIS

Understanding GIS (1)

  • Map reading and information – how it is related to GIS?
    • What you get from the map?
    • Can we measure and quantify?
    • Can we find the optimum route/path?
    • Is it possible to find the changes?
    • How is it related to GIS?

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  • Map reading and information – how it is related to GIS?
    • What you get from the map?
    • Can we measure and quantify?
    • Can we find the optimum route/path?
    • Is it possible to find the changes?
    • How is it related to GIS?

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Question time

  • What do you get from maps?
  • What questions that the map address/ provide answers?

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  • Remote Sensing data and relation to GIS
  • What we get from satellite data?
  • Can we find the changes and how?
  • How time series helps in finding patterns?
  • Can we quantify the information?
  • How RS is related to GIS?

Understanding GIS (2)

General Understanding of GIS

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Satellite Image in GIS

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Question time?

  • What do we get from satellite / UAV data?
  • How it is different from maps?
  • What extra questions that the satellite/UAV data answers when compared to map data?
  • Can we find patterns with satellite data?

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Understanding GIS (3)

  • GNSS and it’s relation to GIS
  • Provides positional information
  • Data generated in the form of point / line / area theme can be directly brought into GIS
  • Updating of GIS information will be easy and fast using GNSS device
  • Google Maps and mobile app – how is it related to GIS?

General Understanding of GIS

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GNSS in GIS

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  • Models and GIS
    • We ask children to make models about our earth, Why?
    • Global warming and climatic change – how it is done?
    • Models and it’s role in GIS

Understanding GIS (4)

General Understanding of GIS

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What is it? And how is it related to GIS?

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What GIS can do?

What GIS can do?

Real world problems

Identification

Where ?

Locate

What is there?

Optimum path

What is the best route?

Patterns

What relations exists between?

Trend

What has changed ?

Models

What if ?

Potential of GIS

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In Summary GIS is

  • Integrating technology consisting of:
    • Remote Sensing
    • Cartography and Mapping
    • GPS
    • Computers
    • RDMS
    • Information & Communication technology
    • Survey and field data collection

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General Understanding of GIS

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Quiz on what GIS can do

  • How do you find a place that you are searching for?
  • Given two points with X,Y, Z coordinates , what will be the distance between both the points?
  • How many input images/maps/GIS layers required to find the changes?
  • How many minimum input images/maps/GIS layers required to find the patterns?
  • What it is called to predict the future scenario?

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GEOGRAPHICAL

INFORMATION

SYSTEM

Concepts of GIS

Explaining Meaning of GIS (1)

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GEOGRAPHY

Concepts of GIS

The science of Earth’s physical

features, resources, climate,

population etc.

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GEOGRAPHY = Geo + Graphy

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SNAKES & LADDER

Location is important

What & Where

Concepts of GIS

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INFORMATION

Concepts of GIS

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Concepts of GIS

Explaining Meaning of GIS (1)

How we derive information?

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Concepts of GIS

Explaining Meaning of GIS (1)

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Descriptive

Graphical

Concepts of GIS

Explaining Meaning of GIS (1)

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  • Facilitates faster process of operations
  • Provides solution for many real world

problems with options of many scenarios

  • Decision making tool with the support of

organized data

  • Integrating technology
  • Dynamic map display and interactive

query

What is the specialty of GIS?

Concepts of GIS

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Hardware

+

Software

+

Data ware

+

Human-ware

=

GIS

Concepts of GIS

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How it works?

  • A Powerful tool for solving real-world problems

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  • A method to �visualize, manipulate, analyze, and display spatial data

Concepts of GIS

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RASTER - VECTOR Data Models

Concepts of GIS

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GIS data Models

  • Point
  • Line
  • Polygon

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GIS Analysis

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GIS Applications

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Improvements in all components of GIS

    • GIS
      • HARWARE

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      • SOFTWARE

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      • DATA

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      • MANPOWER

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      • NETWORKS

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1. Hardware Miniaturization

2. Massive processing power (Parallel Computing, GRID Computing, Cloud Computing (SAAS))

3. Smart devices

1. Improved Desktop GIS softwares

2. Standardised Web services

3. Open source libraries (API’s)

4. Spatial Databases

5. Mobile GIS

6. Spatial Cataloging

7. Spatial data standardization (NSDI etc.)

1. Wired - Wireless

2. Switching technologies

3. 2G-3G-4G… WiMAX, FTTH

4. Explosion in number of internet hubs

5. NKN

1. Capacity building

2. Mega Universities

3. Academic output

1. Improved resolution imagery

2. Better distribution networks

3. Wireless Geo sensors

4. Crowd sourcing / VGI

5. GEOSS (GEONETCast)

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Thanks for your attention

The application of GIS is limited only by the imagination of those who use it

~ Jack Dangermond