11B01
The Living World
11B01 The Living World
11B01 The Living World
Learning Objectives
Living organisms and Diversity
Taxonomic Categories
Taxonomical Aids
11B01.1
Living Organisms and Diversity
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
11B01.1
CV 1
Characteristics Of Living Organisms
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
Characteristics Of Living Organisms
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Cellular Organisation
Consciousness
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
Defining Feature
Present unexceptionally in all living organisms
Not shown by non living objects
Growth:
Increase in mass
Increase in number of individuals
In unicellular organisms
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
Unlimited
Seen in plants
Growth
Limited
Seen in animals
Throughout life
Up to certain age
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
Intrinsic
Seen in living organisms
Growth
Extrinsic
Seen in non living
External deposition
Hence growth is not a defining feature of living organisms
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
Reproduction:
Production of progeny
Types
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
Unicellular organisms
Growth and reproduction synonymous
Mule
Worker bee
Infertile humans
Hence reproduction is not a defining feature of living organisms
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
Metabolism:
In vitro demonstration of metabolic reactions
Hence metabolism is a defining feature of living organisms
Some total of all the chemical reactions occurring in our body
Living Reactions
Absent in non living objects
Larger molecules
Smaller molecules
Energy
Catabolism
Anabolism
Metabolism
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
Consciousness :
Hence consciousness is a defining feature of living organisms
Absent in non living objects
Ability to sense environment and respond to environmental stimuli
Humans are self-conscious
Stimulus
Response
ouch
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
Cellular Organisation:
Hence cellular organisation is a defining feature of living organisms
Absent in non living objects
Cells
Organ
Tissue
Organ System
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
Character
Growth
Living Organism
Non Living
Reproduction
Metabolism
Cellular
Organisation
Consciousness
Present
Present
Present with exceptions
Absent
Present
Present
Present
Absent
Absent
Absent
Not defining
Defining
Concept Test
Ready for a Challenge
Pause the Video
(Time Duration : 02 Minutes)
Q. Which of the following is not a defining feature of living organisms
A) Consciousness
B) Metabolism
Sol. D)
Explanation: Not all living organisms are capable to reproduce (e.g Mule,
Sterile worker bee, Infertile human couples)
D) Reproduction
C) Cellular organisation
11B01.1
CV 2
Diversity In Living World
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
Biodiversity:
1.7-1.8 million species known
Number and types of organisms present on earth
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
Nomenclature :
Rose
Standardize naming of living organisms
Hindi : Gulab
Bangla : Golap
Tamil : Rajopa
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
Nomenclature:
Scientific name assigned to every organism based on universally accepted principles
For plants - international code for
botanical nomenclature (ICBN)
For animals - international code for
zoological nomenclature (ICZN)
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
Binomial Nomenclature :
Scientific Name
System of providing name with two components
Generic name (Genus)
Specific epithet (Species)
Mango
Mangifera indica
Mangifera
indica
Genus
Species
Scientific name
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
Carolus Linnaeus
Binomial nomenclature
Rules Of Nomenclature
1. Latinised names are used irrespective of their origin and written in
italics.
e.g Mangifera indica
2. First word denotes genus and second word denotes specific epithet.
e.g Mangifera indica
Mangifera (Genus)
indica (Specific epithet)
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
3. Biological name when handwritten are separately underlined or
printed in italics.�
e.g Mangifera indica (Handwritten)
Mangifera indica (Printed)
e.g Mangifera
indica
4. Genus starts with a capital letter while species starts with a small
letter.
5. Name of the author is written after specific epithet and in abbreviated
form. �
e.g Mangifera indica Linn.
Indicates this species was first described by Linnaeus
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
1.7-1.8 million species known
Is it possible to study every organism?
Need for Classification:
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
Based on observable characters organisms placed into groups or categories
Taxonomic categories or Taxon
Classification:
Examples:
Wheat plant
Cat
Dog
Taxon
Taxon
Taxon
By studying characteristic of one organism, entire group studied
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
Taxa at different level:
Dog
Mammal
Animal
Taxon
Taxon
Taxon
Based on characteristics all living organisms classified into different taxa
Taxonomy
11B01.1 Living Organisms and Diversity
Elements Of Taxonomy
Characterisation
Identification
Classification
Nomenclature
Systematics
Evolutionary relationship between organisms
Identification
classification
Nomenclature
Concept Test
Ready for a Challenge
Pause the Video
(Time Duration : 02 Minutes)
Q. Binomial nomenclature is :
A) System of providing name with one component
B) System of providing name with three components
Sol. C)
Explanation: Each scientific name assigned has two components generic
name and specific epithet. This system of providing names
with two components is termed as binomial nomenclature
D) Anyone of the above
C) System of providing name with two components
Reference Questions
NCERT : 1, 5
Workbook : 2, 5, 6, 10
Summary/ Note Making
Pause the Video
(Time Duration : 05 Minutes)
Summary/ Note Making
Pause the Video
(Time Duration : 05 Minutes)
11B01.2
Taxonomic Categories
Recall Test
Q1. Which of the following statements are true regarding growth:
A) Only shown by living organisms
B) Only shown by non living
C) Shown by both living and non living
D) None of the above
Q2. Binomial nomenclature was given by:
A) Carolus Linnaeus
B) A.P de Candole
C) A.V Leeuwenhoek
D) None of the above
Q3. Which of the following is correctly written biological name of mango:
C) Mangifera Indica
A) Mangifera Indica
B) Mangifera indica
D) All of the above
Pause the Video
(Time Duration : 03 Minutes)
Q4. ICBN refers to:
A) International code for biological nomenclature
Q5. ICZN refers to :
A) International code of zoological nomenclature
B) Indian code of zoological nomenclature
C) Indian commission of zoological nomenclature
D) None of the above
B) International code for bacterial nomenclature
C) International code for botanical nomenclature
D) International code for biomedical nomenclature
Pause the Video
(Time Duration : 02 Minutes)
Answers
Sol.1 C)
Sol.2 A)
Sol.3 B)
Sol.4 C)
Sol.5 A)
11B01.2 Taxonomic Categories
Taxonomic Hierarchy:
Example:
Systematic arrangement of taxonomic categories
Characteristic
3 pairs of jointed legs
Insects
Taxonomic category or Taxon
Based on similarities and dissimilarities, organisms are placed into various taxonomical categories
11B01.2 Taxonomic Categories
Taxonomic Hierarchy:
Pneumonic
Keep
Pots / Dishes
Clean
Or
Family
Gets
Sick
Kingdom
Phylum / Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
11B01.2
CV 1
Species Genus Family
11B01.2 Taxonomic Categories
Species:
Group of individual organisms with fundamental similarities
Example:
Lion
Leopard
Tiger
Panthera leo
Panthera pardus
Panthera tigris
Different species of Genus Panthera
Lowest category
11B01.2 Taxonomic Categories
Example:
Brinjal
Potato
Solanum melongena
Solanum tuberosum
Different species of Genus Solanum
11B01.2 Taxonomic Categories
Genus:
Aggregates of closely related species
Example:
Lion
Leopard
Tiger
Panthera leo
Panthera pardus
Panthera tigris
Genus Panthera
11B01.2 Taxonomic Categories
Example:
Brinjal
Potato
Solanum melongena
Solanum tuberosum
Genus Solanum
11B01.2 Taxonomic Categories
Family:
Group of related genera
Example:
Family Felidae
Less number of similarities as compared to genus and species
Genus Panthera
Genus Felis
11B01.2 Taxonomic Categories
Family Solanaceae
Example:
Genus Solanum
Genus Petunia
Genus Datura
Concept Test
Ready for a Challenge
Pause the Video
(Time Duration : 02 Minutes)
Q. Lion belongs to genus :
A) Panthera
B) Felis
Sol. A)
Explanation: Lion belongs to genus Panthera while cats belong to genus Felis
D) Anyone of the above
C) Solanum
11B01.2
CV 2
Order Class Phylum Kingdom
11B01.2 Taxonomic Categories
Order:
Assemblage of families which exhibit few similar characters
Example:
Order Carnivora
Similar characters less in number in comparison to lower categories
Family Felidae
Family Canidae
11B01.2 Taxonomic Categories
Order Polymoniales
Example:
Family Convolvulacae
Family Solanacae
Based on floral characters
11B01.2 Taxonomic Categories
Class:
Assemblage of related orders
Example:
Class Mammalia
Order Primata
Order carnivora
11B01.2 Taxonomic Categories
Phylum Or Division:
Assemblage of related classes
Example:
Phylum Chordata
Amphibians
Phylum - Animals
Division - Plants
Reptiles
Presence of notochord and dorsal hollow neural system
Mammals
11B01.2 Taxonomic Categories
Kingdom:
Kingdom Animalia – All animals belonging to various phyla
Example:
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Plantae – All plants belonging to various divisions
Highest category
11B01.2 Taxonomic Categories
Taxonomical categories showing hierarchial arrangement in ascending Order
Kingdom
Phylum / Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
(Lowest category)
(Highest category)
Decrease in number of common characteristics
Concept Test
Ready for a Challenge
Pause the Video
(Time Duration : 02 Minutes)
Q. From species to kingdom :
A) The number of common characters increases
Sol. B)
Explanation: At lower categories the number of common characters are more.
As we move from species to kingdom,the number of common
characters decrease
D) Anyone of the above
C) The number of common characters remain same
B) The number of common characters decreases
Reference Questions
NCERT : 7, 9
Workbook : 1, 9, 11
Summary/ Note Making
Pause the Video
(Time Duration : 05 Minutes)
Summary/ Note Making
Pause the Video
(Time Duration : 05 Minutes)
11B01.3
Taxonomical Aids
Recall Test
Q1. Genus comprises of:
A) Related orders
B) Related species
C) Related families
D) None of the above
Q2. Related families together constitute:
A) Class
B) Genus
C) Order
D) Phylum
Q3. Which of the following is the highest category:
C) Family
A) Phylum
B) Class
D) Kingdom
Pause the Video
(Time Duration : 03 Minutes)
Q4. Identify the wrong statement:
A) In plants assemblage of related classes is division
Q5. Taxonomic hierarchy refers to :
A) Stepwise arrangement of all categories for classification of plants
and animals
B) A group of senior taxonomists who decide nomenclature of plants
and animals
C) Classification of species based on fossil record
D) None of the above
B) In plants assemblage of related classes is phylum
C) ICBN stands for international code for botanical nomenclature
D) ICZN stands for international code of Zoological nomenclature
Pause the Video
(Time Duration : 02 Minutes)
Answers
Sol.1 B)
Sol.2 C)
Sol.3 D)
Sol.4 B)
Sol.5 A)
11B01.3 Taxonomical Aids
Procedures and techniques to store and preserve the information as well as specimens
Taxonomical Aids:
Herbarium
Botanical Garden
Museum
Zoological Park
11B01.3
CV 1
Herbarium Botanical Garden
11B01.3 Taxonomical Aids
Herbarium:
Store house of collected plant specimens, that are dried, pressed and preserved on sheets
Botanical name
Local name
Family
Date and place of collection
Collectors name
Serves as quick referral
Description
11B01.3 Taxonomical Aids
Botanical Garden:
Specialised gardens having collection of living plants for reference
Botanical name
Family
Botanical garden
Kew, England
Indian botanical garden Howrah
Concept Test
Ready for a Challenge
Pause the Video
(Time Duration : 02 Minutes)
Q. Botanical gardens have :
A) Collection of living plants
Sol. A)
Explanation: Botanical gardens are specialised gardens having collection of
living plants for reference
D) None of the above
C) Both A & B
B) Collection of dead plants
11B01.3
CV 2
Museum Zoological Parks Key
11B01.3 Taxonomical Aids
Museum:
Have collection of preserved plants and animal specimen for study and reference
Specimens preserved in jar with preservative solution
11B01.3 Taxonomical Aids
Museum:
Skeleton of animal in museum
11B01.3 Taxonomical Aids
Zoological Parks:
Place where wild animals kept in conditions similar to their natural habitat under human care
To learn their habitat and behaviour
Animals in different zoological parks
11B01.3 Taxonomical Aids
Key:
Used for identification of plants and animals based on similarities and dissimilarities
Example:
Duck
Hen
Snake
Lizard
Keys are based on contrasting characters generally in pair called couplet
11B01.3 Taxonomical Aids
Key:
Yes
No
2. Swims
Yes
No
No
2. Legs
Yes
Concept Test
Ready for a Challenge
Pause the Video
(Time Duration : 02 Minutes)
Q. Museum has :
A) Collection of preserved plants
Sol. C)
Explanation: Museum has collection of preserved plant and animal
specimens for study and reference
D) None of the above
C) Both A & B
B) Collection of preserved animals
Reference Questions
NCERT : 10
Workbook : 3, 7, 8
Summary/ Note Making
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(Time Duration : 05 Minutes)