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The logical and concise list of procedures for solving a problem is called an algorithm.

Studying the problem in detail,
Redefining or restating the problem,
Identifying output requirements, input data available and conditions and constraints to be used,
Comparing different methods of solution,
Selecting the method which is considered to be the best,
Preparing a logical and concise list of procedures or steps necessary for solving the problem,
Computing the results, and
Examining the results for correctness.

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An algorithm should also include steps to identify any abnormal data or results and take corrective measures, if possible.

In case of large problems, we can-break them into parts representing small tasks, prepare several algorithms and later combine them into one large algorithm. This is known as the modular approach.

Developing computer programmes using the modular approach is known as modular programming.

A module is a programme unit or entry that is responsibl e for a single task. Modules (known as sub-programme ) are arranged into a hierarchical structure (similar to organisational chart ) in which bigger modules are broken into smaller ones, such that they are small enough to understand and are easily coded usin g simple logic. top-down design

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Programming style

is a set of rules or guidelines used when writing the source code for a computer program.

Following a particular programming style will help programmers read and understand source code conforming to the style, and help to avoid introducing errors.

aspect of program maintenance is making source code listings clear and as easy to read as possible.

Documentation - using several comment lines
Vertical Alignment- occurs again when variables are defined(float length, width, height)
Comments - self-explanatory or self-documenting.
Indentation - use curly braces, there are two common indentation styles({ ()})
Meaningful Identifier Names Consistently Typed - identifier names
Appropriate use of Typedef

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The 5 Basic Coding Concepts

Here are five of the most important coding concepts that every young learner should know:

Variables

As the foundation of any computer programming language, variables act as “containers” that “hold” information. These containers then store this information for later use.

2. Data Structures

Data structures allow programmers to streamline data collection when a large amount of related information is involved

3. Control Structures

A control structure analyzes variables and selects a direction in which to go determined from the given parameters

4. Syntax

Just like in the English language, computer programming follows a syntax or a set of rules that define particular layouts of letters and symbols

5. Tools

In the physical world, tools allow workers to perform tasks that would otherwise be extremely difficult

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Most important basic elements for programming languages are:

Programming Environment
Data Types
Variables
Keywords
Logical and Arithmetical Operators
If else conditions
Loops
Numbers, Characters and Arrays
Functions
Input and Output Operations

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Testing	Debugging
Testing is the process to find bugs and errors.	Debugging is the process to correct the bugs found during testing.
It is the process to identify the failure of implemented code.	It is the process to give the absolution to code failure.
Testing is the display of errors.	Debugging is a deductive process.
Testing is done by the tester.	Debugging is done by either programmer or developer.
There is no need of design knowledge in the testing process.	Debugging can’t be done without proper design knowledge.
Testing can be done by insider as well as outsider.	Debugging is done only by insider. Outsider can’t do debugging.
Testing can be manual or automated.	Debugging is always manual. Debugging can’t be automated.
It is based on different testing levels i.e. unit testing, integration testing, system testing etc.	Debugging is based on different types of bugs.
Testing is a stage of software development life cycle (SDLC).	Debugging is not an aspect of software development life cycle, it occurs as a consequence of testing.
Testing is composed of validation and verification of software.	While debugging process seeks to match symptom with cause, by that it leads to the error correction.
Testing is initiated after the code is written.	Debugging commences with the execution of a test case.

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Coding standards and best practices:

Write as few lines as possible.
Use appropriate naming conventions.
Segment blocks of code in the same section into paragraphs.
Use indentation to marks the beginning and end of control structures. Clearly specify the code between them.
Don’t use lengthy functions. Ideally, a single function should carry out a single task.
Use the DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself) principle. Automate repetitive tasks whenever necessary. The same piece of code should not be repeated in the script.
Avoid Deep Nesting. Too many nesting levels make code harder to read and follow.
Capitalize SQL special words and function names to distinguish them from table and column names.
Avoid long lines. It is easier for humans to read blocks of lines that are horizontally short and vertically long.

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What is User Interface Design?

User interface (UI) design is the process designers use to build interfaces in software or computerized devices, focusing on looks or style. Designers aim to create interfaces which users find easy to use and pleasurable. UI design refers to graphical user interfaces and other forms—e.g., voice-controlled interfaces.

They come in three formats:

Graphical user interfaces (GUIs)—Users interact with visual representations on digital control panels. A computer’s desktop is a GUI.

Voice-controlled interfaces (VUIs)—Users interact with these through their voices. Most smart assistants—e.g., Siri on iPhone and Alexa on Amazon devices—are VUIs.

Gesture-based interfaces—Users engage with 3D design spaces through bodily motions: e.g., in virtual reality (VR) games.