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Introduction to Safety Culture
Lecture by Ivana Slovackova
Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH
Topic of interest – Safety culture
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Lecture Content
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Learning outcomes
Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH
Safety culture
Definition
Connection between
Organisational culture
& Safety Culture
30 years of research
Aspects of safety culture
Safety culture assessment
Related Concepts
& Initiatives
Culture of prevention
WHAT IT IS
DEVELOPMENT
FUTURE
Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH
SAFETY CULTURE�
Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH
What does safety culture mean for companies?
„Nobody sees it, however, everybody speaks about it.“
Often supported by some consultant companies
Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH
What does safety culture mean for you?
What does Safety culture mean for you?
Kahoot!
Safety culture – opening questions
Link: https://create.kahoot.it/creator/aae0889d-e50f-4ef6-bba3-66f782fc62ed
2 QUESTIONS
2. What major accidents have you seen caused by a � weak safety culture?
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Some disasters that were caused by weak safety culture �
Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH
Chernobyl
Deepwater Horizon
Columbia
https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/national-international/chernobyl-exclusion-zone-in-pictures/2495289/
Autor: Unknown – US Coast Guard - 100421-G-XXXXL- Deepwater Horizon fire (Direct link), https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10089914
https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/remembering-the-columbia-disaster/
Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH
Safety culture
Definition
Connection between
Organisational culture
& Safety Culture
30 years of research
Aspects of safety culture
Safety culture assessment
Related Concepts
& Initiatives
Culture of prevention
DEVELOPMENT
FUTURE
Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH
WHAT IT IS
Definition
Connection between
Organisational culture
& Safety Culture
Safety culture - the beginning
The definition published in INSAG – 4 (1991)
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Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH
Why is safety culture important?
(Hudson, 2007)
Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH
Why is safety culture important?
(KIM, Yangho, Jungsun PARK a Mijin PARK, 2016)
Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH
Culture, Culture & Organisational culture
text
What is culture?
Culture determines what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong, and workable or unworkable.
It encompasses all learned and shared, explicit or tacit, assumptions, beliefs, knowledge, norms, and values, as well as attitudes, behavior, dress, and language.��http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/culture.html
Culture is defined as shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs, and understanding that are learned by socialization.
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Culture
21
https://www.ilincev.com/kognitivni-zkresleni
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What is culture?
“Culture is
a pattern of shared basic assumptions
that was learned by a group as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration,
that has worked well enough to be considered valid and,
therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems.”
(Schein, 2004, p.17)
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What is organisational culture?
„Organizational culture is generally understood as all of a company’s beliefs, values and attitudes, and how these influence the behaviour of its employees.“
https://www.bdc.ca/en/articles-tools/entrepreneur-toolkit/templates-business-guides/glossary/organizational-culture
Organizational culture represents the collective values, beliefs and principles of organizational members.
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Three levels of culture
architecture, greeting rituals, dress, forms �of address – visible
2. Espoused values
strategies, goals, and philosophies – can be elicited
3. Basic underlying assumptions
human nature, basis on which people are respected - unconsciously held and usually tacit
(Eeckelaert et al., 2011, p.14).
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Organisational culture
25
Would you like to know more about organisational culture? �See this movie!
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What is connection between organisational and safety culture?
Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH
Safety culture
Definition
Connection between
Organisational culture
& Safety Culture
30 years of research
Aspects of safety culture
Safety culture assessment
Related Concepts
& Initiatives
Culture of prevention
WHAT IT IS
FUTURE
Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH
DEVELOPMENT
30 years of research
Aspects of safety culture
Safety culture assessment
Safety Culture – 30 years of research
An important next step in safety culture research is to study �interventions (Antonsen 2018)
What is sure - there is still the need for further research (Hale 2000)
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Safety Culture – 30 years of research
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Safety culture – summary of a current situation
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Despite almost 30 years of research, there is still not one definition, concept, or model which is fully accepted neither by scholars nor by safety experts.
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Process safety & OHS�
Nuclear industry
Oil and gas industry
Chemical industry
Mining industry
Construction
Others
Healthcare and �patient safety culture
Transportation
OHS
„CLIENT oriented“
Tato fotka od autora Neznámý autor s licencí CC BY-SA-NC
Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH
Safety culture - definition
The HSE’s Advisory Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations �(ACSNI: HSC, 1993) produced the following definition of a safety culture:
‘The safety culture of an organisation is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behaviour that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, an organisation’s health and safety management’ (HSC, 1993).
‘Organisations with a positive safety culture are characterised by communications founded on mutual trust, by shared perceptions of the importance of safety and by confidence in the efficacy of preventive measures’ (HSC, 1993). �
This is one of the most accepted definitions.
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Three interrelated aspects of safety culture
All three aspects are interrelated �(Cooper, 2000; HSE, 2005)
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Safety climate
Safety climate – this term was used before the term safety culture.
Safety climate can be regarded as the surface features of the safety culture determined from the workforce‘s attitudes and perceptions at a given point in time. �It is a snapshot of the state of safety providing an indicator of the underlying safety culture of an organization.‘
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Safety climate X Safety culture
attitude and perception surveys.
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Safety culture and climate are closely related and overlapping concepts. They differ in terms of their depth, stability and the tools by which they can be investigated.
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Safety climate assessment
Examples
37
02/07/23
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Strong/positive �safety culture �
How can be recognised?
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Attributes of strong safety culture
IAEA (2006)
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Her Majesty´s Railway Inspectorate (HMRI) approach
The HMRI has identified five indicators of positive safety culture
(HSE, 2005, page 8)
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IAEA – 3 stages �in developing a safety culture
Safety is seen as an external requirement imposed by government and regulatory agencies.
Safety is not seen as something that will enhance the business or operation of the organisation.
Safety is seen as an important organisational goal.
The safety management system generally concentrates on technical and procedural controls, although there is an emerging understanding of the importance of and attitudinal aspect
The concept of continuous improvement of safety has been adopted.
There is a strong emphasis on safety communication, training, managerial behaviour and improving safety system effectiveness.
.
Safety based on rules and regulations
Safety becomes an organizational goal
Safety always can be improved
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Hearts and Minds
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Reason’s characteristics of an effective safety culture
Informed Culture
3. Learning Culture
2.
Just Culture
1. Reporting Culture
4. �Flexible Culture
Individuals who manage and operate systems share knowledge about factors that determine the safety of the system. (Reason, 1997)
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Reason’s characteristics of an effective safety culture
According to Reason �(1997), �a safety culture �is characterised
by a sense of
‘chronic unease’� – that is, �‘not forgetting� to be afraid’
Individuals are encouraged and are willing to report errors, near misses, and incidents. Reporting incidents is supported by a sense of trust that individuals who do report are not punished.
A positive safety culture includes clear expectations regarding what actions are acceptable and unacceptable. The consequences of actions are determined by the intention of the action.
There is a willingness to interpret safety information rationally and objectively. Organisations ensure there is the competence to identify the right conclusions from available safety information, including making changes when necessary.
Diversity is desirable for organizations to function effectively. Diversity ensures that all possible viewpoints are identified and considered.
1. Reporting Culture
2.
Just Culture
3. Learning Culture
4. �Flexible Culture
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Reason’s symptoms of poor safety culture
Safety issues are so commonplace in organizations with a poor safety culture that deviations from safety systems are accepted as ‘normal’ practice.
Thinking that all possible hazards are controlled and managed suggests that the organization has forgotten to be respectfully weary of hazards and complacent in their attention to risk.
Organizations with a poor safety culture try to do too much with too little. When the value of safety systems and resources are not recognized, it becomes acceptable to work with inadequate systems and resources.
Normalization of deviance
Complacency
Tolerance of inadequate systems and resources
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Safety culture is not…
(Fleming and Scott, 2013) A Regulator’s Guide to Safety Culture and Leadership, p.11
Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH
Safety culture
Definition
Connection between
Organisational culture
& Safety Culture
30 years of research
Aspects of safety culture
Safety culture assessment
Related Concepts
& Initiatives
Culture of prevention
WHAT IT IS
Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH
FUTURE
Related Concepts
& Initiatives
Culture of prevention
Prevention culture
The concept of a prevention culture is implicitly based on the concept of a safety culture. �Both utilize a cultural approach.
Prevention culture
www.vsb.cz
Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH
Developed by ISSA �(The International Social Security Association)
It is based on the belief that all �work-related accidents, harm and occupational diseases can be prevented.
Vision Zero�is a transformational approach to prevention that integrates �the three dimensions
at all levels of work.
www.vsb.cz
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The seven golden rules of Vision Zero:
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HRO high-reliability organization
Tato fotka od autora Neznámý autor s licencí CC BY-SA
Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH
HRO high-reliability organization
Five principles of HROs
Principle 1: Preoccupation with failure
Principle 2: Reluctance to simplify
Principle 3: Sensitivity to operations
Principle 4: Commitment to resilience
Principle 5: Deference to expertise
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SUMMARY
Safety culture … �
What have we talked about?
What do you remember?
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Key messages
Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH
Antonsen, S. (2018). Key Issues in Understanding and Improving Safety Culture. In Gilbert, C., Journé, B., Laroche, H., � Bieder, C. (eds) Safety Cultures, Safety Models (pp. 127-136). SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95129-4_12
Bourrier, M. (2018) Safety Culture and Models: “Regime Change”. In: In Gilbert, C., Journé, B., Laroche, H., � Bieder, C. (eds) Safety Cultures, Safety Models Models [online]. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018, s. 105-119 [cit. 2023-03-07]. SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. ISBN 978-3-319-95128-7. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95129-4_10
Cooper, M. D. (2000) ‘Towards a model of safety culture’, Safety Science, Volume 36, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 111-136, ISSN 0925- 7535, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(00)00035-7
Cooper, M.D. (2018) The Safety Culture Construct: Theory and Practice, in Gilbert, C., & Bieder, C. (ed.) Safety Cultures, Safety Models Taking Stock and Moving Forward, SpringerBriefs in Safety Management (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology). doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-95129-4_5
Eeckelaert, L., Starren, A., van Scheppingen, A., Fox, D., & Brück, C. (2011). Occupational Safety and Health culture � assessment: A review of main approaches and selected tools. European Agency for Safety and Health at Work � (EU-OSHA).� https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/occupational-safety-and-health-culture-assessment-review-main-approaches-and-selected
Fleming, M, Harvey, K, Cregan, B. Safety culture research and practice: A review of 30 years of research collaboration. J Appl Behav Res. 2018; 23:e12155. https://doi.org/10.1111/jabr.12155
Fleming, M., & Scott, N. (2013). A regulator’s guide to safety culture and leadership. Technical report prepared for the Canada‐Nova Scotia Offshore petroleum board.� Retrieved from https://apps.neb-one.gc.ca/REGDOCS/File/Download/707046
Guldenmund, F. W. (2000). The nature of safety culture: a review of theory and research. Safety Science, 34(1-3), 215-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(00)00014-X
Guillaume, O., Herchin, N., Neveu Ch., Noël P., (2018) What to Choose and How in the Nebulous “Safety Cloud” of Concepts and Tools? In: In Gilbert, C., Journé, B., Laroche, H., Bieder, C. (eds) Safety Cultures, Safety Models Models [online]. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018, s. 1-14 SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. ISBN 978-3-319-95128-7. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95129-4_1
Hailwood, Mark a Zsuzsanna Gyenes. Safety Culture and Major Accidents. In: The Minerva Portal of the Major Accident Hazards Bureau [online]. � https://minerva.jrc.ec.europa.eu/EN/content/minerva/113fdcd8-a30a-4b58-991c-d5a9d268e92a/201609mjv_safety_culture_nlsafety_culture_and_accidents
Hale, A. R. (2000). Culture's confusions. Safety Science, 34(1-3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(00)00003-5
Health and Safety Commission (HSC), (1993), ACSNI Study Group on Human Factors. 3rd Report: Organising for Safety. (London: HMSO).
Health and Safety Executive (HSE), (2005). A review of safety culture and safety climate literature for the development of the safety culture inspection toolkit.Research Report 367. London, UK: HMSO.
Hudson, P. (2007). Implementing a safety culture in a major multi-national. Safety Science, 45(6), 697-722. � https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2007.04.005
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 1991, Safety Culture: A Report by the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group No.75-INSAG-4, IAEA, Vienna, Austria
International Atomic Energy Agency, (IAEA) (2002a), Key practical issues in strengthening safety culture, INSAG-15, � International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
International Atomic Energy Agency, (IAEA) (2002b), Safety culture in nuclear installations: Guidance for use in the enhancement of safety culture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
International Atomic Energy Agency, (IAEA) (2006) Application of the Management System for Facilities and Activities, IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GS-G-3.1, IAEA, Vienna
KIM, Yangho, Jungsun PARK a Mijin PARK. (2016) Creating a Culture of Prevention in Occupational Safety and Health Practice. Safety and Health at Work [online], 7(2), 89-96 [cit. 2020-02-19]. DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2016.02.002. � ISSN 20937911, https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2093791116000093
Probst, T. M., Goldenhar, L. M., Byrd, J. L., & Betit, E. (2019). The Safety Climate Assessment Tool (S-CAT): � A rubric-based approach to measuring construction safety climate. Journal of Safety Research, 69, � 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2019.02.004
Reason, J. (1997). Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents. Ashgate Publishing Limited.
Schein, E. H. (2004). Organizational Culture and Leadership (3rd edition). Jossey -Bass.
Straughen, M., Williams, S., Wilkinson, M., Robb, R., Richardson, R., Smith, J., ... Fleming, M., (2000). Changing Minds: A practical guide for behavioural change in the UK oil and gas industry. Retrieved from https://www.stepchangeinsafety.net/resources/changing-minds-guidance/
Van Nunen, K. et al. (2018) ‘Bibliometric analysis of safety culture research’, Safety Science. Elsevier B.V., pp. 248–258. doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2017.08.011
Vu, T., & De Cieri, H. (2014). Safety culture and safety climate definitions suitable for a regulator: A systematic literature review. Research Report 0414-060-R2C. Institute for Safety, Compensation and Recovery Research (ISCRR). Monash University: Melbourne, Australia.
Zohar, D. (1980). Safety climate in industrial organizations: Theoretical and applied implications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65(1), 96-102. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.65.1.96
Materials and recommended resources
EU-OSHA (European Agency for Safety and Health at Work), 2011, Occupational Safety and Health culture assessment - A review of main approaches and selected tools, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
International Social Security Association (ISSA), 2017, Vision Zero, ISBN 978-92-843-1222-1,Retrieved from https://visionzero.global/why-vision-zero
HSE (Health and Safety Executive) 2005 A review of safety culture and safety climate literature for the development of the safety culture inspection toolkit.Research Report 367. London, UK: HMSO.
Guldenmund, F. W. 2000. “The Nature of Safety Culture: A Review of Theory and Research.” Safety Science 34: 215–257
Davies, F., R. Spencer, and K. Dooley. 2001. Summary Guide to Safety Climate Tools. Norwich: Health and Safety Executive Books
Lingard, H., Zhang, R., Harley,J., Blismas, Wakefield, R., 2014, Health and Safety Culture, RMIT University, Retrieved from http://www.rmit.edu.au/research/health-safety-research
https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/resources/videos/webinars/safety-culture-and-climate-webinar-series , Webinar – prof. De Cieri, Austalia