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Global Carbon Budget

Published on 4 November 2021

2021

PowerPoint version 1.0

The GCP is a Global�Research Project of

and a Research�Partner of

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Acknowledgements

The work presented here has been possible thanks to the enormous observational and modelling efforts of the institutions and networks below

Atmospheric CO₂ datasets

NOAA/ESRL (Dlugokencky and Tans 2021)

Scripps (Keeling et al. 1976)

Fossil CO₂ emissions

Andrew and Peters, 2021

CDIAC (Gilfillan and Marland, 2021)

UNFCCC, 2021a

BP, 2021

Consumption Emissions

Peters et al. 2011

GTAP (Narayanan et al. 2015)

Land-Use Change

Houghton and Nassikas 2017

BLUE (Hansis et al. 2015)

OSCAR (Gasser et al. 2020)

GFED4 (van der Werf et al. 2017)

FAO-FRA and FAOSTAT

HYDE (Klein Goldewijk et al. 2017)

LUH2 (Hurtt et al. 2020)

Atmospheric inversions

Land models

Climate forcing CRU (Harris et al. 2014) | JRA-55 (Kobayashi et al. 2015)

Ocean models

fCO₂ based ocean flux products

Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas SOCATv2021

Full references provided in Friedlingstein et al 2021

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Contributors 94 people | 70 organisations | 18 countries

Atlas Team Members at LSCE, France

P Ciais | A Peregon | P Brockmann

Communications Team

Davies | A Morrison | C Bartman | N Hawtin | K Mansell

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Data Access and Additional Resources

More information, data sources and data files:

http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget Contact: Pep.Canadell@csiro.au

More information, data sources and data files:

www.globalcarbonatlas.org

(co-funded in part by BNP Paribas Foundation)

Contact: philippe.ciais@lsce.ipsl.fr

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Download of figures and data

Figures and data for most slides available from tinyurl.com/GCB21figs

Global Carbon Budget

Additional country figures

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All the data is shown in billion tonnes CO₂ (GtCO₂)

1 Gigatonne (Gt) = 1 billion tonnes = 1×10¹⁵g = 1 Petagram (Pg)

1 kg carbon (C) = 3.664 kg carbon dioxide (CO₂)

1 GtC = 3.664 billion tonnes CO₂= 3.664 GtCO₂

(Figures in units of GtC and GtCO₂ are available from http://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget)

Most figures in this presentation are available for download as PNG, PDF and SVG files�from tinyurl.com/GCB21figs along with the data required to produce them.

Disclaimer

The Global Carbon Budget and the information presented here are intended for those interested in learning about the carbon cycle, and how human activities are changing it. The information contained herein is provided as a public service, with the understanding that the Global Carbon Project team make no warranties, either expressed or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, reliability, or suitability of the information.

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License

Our intention is that these figures and data are used. That’s why they’re released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Simply put, you may freely copy and modify these figures and data, and use them in both commercial and non-commercial works, as long as you give credit to the Global Carbon Project.

If you’re just tweeting a figure or using a figure in a presentation, then it already says at the bottom that it’s by the Global Carbon Project, so you’re good to go! If you use the data directly or modify the figure then you will need to make sure the attribution is in place.

For details on the license, visit the Creative Commons website.

Suggested citation for use in a book: “Used with permission of the Global Carbon Project under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.”

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Atmospheric CO₂ concentration

The global CO₂ concentration increased from ~277 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2021 (up 49%)

Globally averaged surface atmospheric CO₂ concentration. Data from: NOAA-ESRL after 1980;

the Scripps Institution of Oceanography before 1980�Source: NOAA-ESRL; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Anthropogenic perturbation of the global carbon cycle

Perturbation of the global carbon cycle caused by anthropogenic activities,�global annual average for the decade 2011–2020 (GtCO₂/yr)

The budget imbalance is the difference between the estimated emissions and sinks. �Source: NOAA-ESRL; Friedlingstein et al 2021; Canadell et al 2021 (IPCC AR6 WG1 Chapter 5); Global Carbon Project 2021

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Key Highlights in 2021

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Summary of fossil CO₂ emissions in 2020 and 2021

*IAS: Emissions from use of international aviation and maritime shipping bunker fuels are not usually included in national totals�Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

Region / Country	2020 emissions (billion tonnes/yr)	2020 growth (percent)	2021 projected emissions growth�(percent)	2021 projected emissions�(billion tonnes/yr)
China	10.7	1.4%	4.0%	11.1
USA	4.7	-10.6%	7.6%	5.1
EU27	2.6	-10.9%	7.6%	2.8
India	2.4	-7.3%	12.6%	2.7
All others (incl. IAS*)	14.4	-7.0%	2.9%	14.8
World (incl. IAS*)	34.8	-5.4%	4.9%	36.4

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Global Fossil CO₂ Emissions

Global fossil CO₂ emissions: 34.8 ± 2 GtCO₂ in 2020, 53% over 1990� Projection for 2021: 36.4 ± 2 GtCO₂, 4.9% [4.1%–5.7%] higher than 2020

The 2021 projection is based on preliminary data and modelling.�Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

Uncertainty is ±5% for one standard deviation (IPCC “likely” range)

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Emissions Projections for 2021

Global fossil CO₂ emissions are projected to increase by 4.9% [4.1%–5.7%] in 2021

�The 2021 projections are based on preliminary data and modelling. �Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Fossil CO₂ emissions growth: 2019–2021

Emissions are expected to increase in most countries in 2021, with the largest increase in China, USA, and India

Figure shows the top four countries contributing to emissions changes�Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Forecast of global atmospheric CO₂ concentration

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Budget 2021

The global atmospheric CO₂ concentration is forecast to average 415 parts per million (ppm) in 2021, increasing by 2.0 ppm

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Mauna Loa atmospheric CO₂

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration increased every single year,�including in 2020, despite the drop in fossil fuel emissions, because of continued emissions

Source: Tans and Keeling (2020); Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Budget 2021

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Fossil CO₂ Emissions by country

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Global Fossil CO₂ Emissions

Global fossil CO₂ emissions have risen steadily over the last decades.�Emissions in 2021 are set to rebound towards their pre-COVID-19 levels after an unprecedented drop in 2020.

The 2021 projection is based on preliminary data and modelling.�Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Top emitters: Fossil CO₂ Emissions to 2020

The top six emitters in 2020 covered 66% of global emissions�China 31%, United States 14%, EU27 7%, India 7%, Russia 5%, and Japan 3%

International aviation and maritime shipping (bunker fuels) contributed 2.9% of global emissions in 2020.�Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Top emitters: Fossil CO₂ Emissions per capita to 2020

Countries have a broad range of per capita emissions reflecting their national circumstances

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Fossil Fuel emissions — Kaya decomposition

Globally, decarbonisation and declines in energy per GDP are largely responsible for the reduced growth rate in emissions over the last decade. 2020 is a clear outlier with a severe decline in GDP.

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Budget 2021

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Key statistics for emissions in 2020

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

	Emissions 2020
Region/Country	Per capita	Total		Growth 2019–20
Region/Country	tCO₂ per person	GtCO₂	%	GtCO₂	%
Global (including bunkers)	4.5	34.81	100	-1.895	-5.4
	OECD Countries
OECD	8.4	11.05	31.7	-1.185	-9.9
USA	14.2	4.71	13.5	-0.543	-10.6
OECD Europe	5.8	2.86	8.2	-0.347	-11.1
Japan	8.1	1.03	3.0	-0.075	-7.1
South Korea	11.7	0.60	1.7	-0.050	-8.0
Canada	14.2	0.54	1.5	-0.047	-8.2
	Non-OECD Countries
Non-OECD	3.5	22.76	65.4	-0.457	-2.2
China	7.4	10.67	30.6	0.178	1.4
India	1.8	2.44	7.0	-0.184	-7.3
Russia	10.8	1.58	4.5	-0.102	-6.3
Iran	8.9	0.75	2.1	0.012	1.3
Indonesia	18.0	0.63	1.8	0.003	0.2
	International Bunkers
Bunkers	-	1.00	2.9	-0.254	-20.2

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Fossil CO₂ Emissions by source

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Fossil CO₂ Emissions by source

Share of global fossil CO2 emissions in 2020: coal (40%), oil (32%), gas (21%), cement (5%), flaring and others (2%, not shown)

Projection by fuel type is based on monthly data (GCP analysis)

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Fossil CO₂ emissions growth: 2019–2021

Global emissions in 2020 dropped across all categories.�In 2021 coal and natural gas have more than recovered this loss, while oil still lags with from subdued transportation.

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Fossil CO₂ Emissions by source

Emissions by category from 2000 to 2020, with growth rates indicated for the more recent period of 2015 to 2020�Coal use has declined since 2014, and both coal and oil declined sharply in the pandemic year 2020

Source: CDIAC; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Fossil CO₂ Emission by source for top emitters�

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Fossil CO₂ Emissions in China

Annual emissions in China are expected to reach another record high in 2021, with substantial industrial growth

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Fossil CO₂ Emissions in USA

The USA’s emissions from coal are expected to bounce back in 2021, partly as a result of supply constraints on natural gas. Emissions from oil do not return to 2019’s level.

Source: EIA 2020; Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Fossil CO₂ Emissions in the European Union

In the first half of 2021 EU coal power generation was strong due partly to very low generation from wind power, but the 2021 total is expected to remain below 2019’s level and continue to decline.

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Fossil CO₂ Emissions in India

India’s emissions are expected to jump sharply in 2021, returning to a strongly growing trend driven largely by use of coal in power generation.

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Fossil CO₂ Emissions in Rest of World

In the Rest of the World, emissions from coal and natural gas are expected to recover most of their losses in 2020.�Oil, which here includes internationship transport, remains subdued.

The Rest of the World is the global total less China, US, EU, and India. It also includes international aviation and maritime shipping.�Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Cement carbonation sink

The production of cement results in ‘process’ emissions of CO₂ from the chemical reaction�During its lifetime, cement slowly absorbs CO₂ from the atmosphere

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Energy use by source

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Energy use by source

Consumption of energy from fossil sources declined in 2020.�Renewable energy continued to grow, but needs to grow even faster to replace fossil energy consumption.

This figure shows “primary energy” using the BP substitution method�(non-fossil sources are scaled up by an assumed fossil efficiency of approximately 0.38)�Source: BP 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Energy use by source

Energy consumption by fuel source from 2000 to 2020, with growth rates �indicated for the more recent period of 2015 to 2020

This figure shows “primary energy” using the BP substitution method�(non-fossil sources are scaled up by an assumed fossil efficiency of approximately 0.38)�Source: BP 2020; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Energy use in China

Coal consumption in energy units has returned to peak levels, �while consumption of all other energy sources is growing strongly

Source: BP 2020; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Energy use in USA

Coal consumption has declined sharply in recent years with the shale gas boom

and strong renewables growth. Output from nuclear power is slowly declining as stations are retired.

Source: BP 2020; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Energy use in the European Union

Consumption of both oil and gas has rebounded in recent years, while coal continues to decline.

Renewables are growing strongly, now providing more energy than nuclear power.

Source: BP 2020; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Energy use in India

Pandemic year 2020 has interrupted India’s strong growth in energy consumption.�Consumption of coal and oil dominate.

Source: BP 2020; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Land-use Change Emissions

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Land-use change emissions

Land-use change emissions are 4.1 ± 2.6 GtCO₂ for 2011-2020, and show a negative trend in the last two decades, but estimates are still highly uncertain.

Estimates from three bookkeeping models�Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

Indonesian fires

Net land-use emissions are the difference between CO₂ emissions, primarily from deforestation, and CO₂ removals, primarily from abandonment of agricultural land

(14.1 ± 2.2 GtCO₂)

(9.9 ± 1.4 GtCO₂)

Gross emissions

(2011-2020:

14.1 ± 2.2 GtCO₂/yr)

Gross removals

(2011-2020:

9.9 ± 1.4 GtCO₂/yr)

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Total global emissions

Total global emissions: 38.0 ± 3.1 GtCO₂ in 2020, 40% over 1990�Percentage land-use change: 42% in 1960, 10% averaged 2011–2020

Land-use change estimates from three bookkeeping models, using fire-based variability from 1997�Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Closing the Global Carbon Budget

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Fate of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions (2011–2020)

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

29%

11.2 GtCO₂/yr

26%

10.2 GtCO₂/yr

34.8 GtCO₂/yr

89%

11%

4.1 GtCO₂/yr

18.6 GtCO₂/yr

48%

Sources = Sinks

3%

-1.0 GtCO₂/yr

Budget Imbalance: �(the difference between estimated sources & sinks)

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Global carbon budget

Carbon emissions are partitioned among the atmosphere and carbon sinks on land and in the ocean�The “imbalance” between total emissions and total sinks is an active area of research

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Changes in the budget over time

The sinks have continued to grow with increasing emissions, but climate change will affect�carbon cycle processes in a way that will exacerbate the increase of CO₂ in the atmosphere

The budget imbalance is the total emissions minus the estimated growth in the atmosphere, land and ocean.

It reflects the limits of our understanding of the carbon cycle.

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Global carbon budget

Fossil emissions dominate in the Northern Hemisphere, while land-use emissions are important in the tropics.�The North Atlantic and Southern Ocean are carbon sinks while the tropical ocean is a source of CO₂._�Tropical, temperate and boreal forest are the main terrestrial carbon sinks

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Budget 2021

CO₂ Source

CO₂ Sink

CO₂ Source

CO₂ Sink

CO₂ Source

CO₂ Sink

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Atmospheric concentration

The atmospheric concentration growth rate has increased steadily.�The high growth in 1987, 1998, & 2015–16 reflect a strong El Niño, which weakens the land sink.

Source: NOAA-ESRL; Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

Projected 2021

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Airborne Fraction

The airborne fraction is the proportion of the total annual CO₂ emissions that remains in the atmosphere.

The rest of CO₂ emissions are removed by the land and ocean sinks.�Around 45% of CO₂ emissions remain in the atmosphere despite sustained growth in CO₂ emissions.

Source: NOAA-ESRL; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Ocean sink

The ocean carbon sink, estimated by Global Ocean Biogeochemical Models and observation-based data products, �continues to increase 10.2 ± 1.5 GtCO2/yr for 2011–2020 and 11.0 ± 1.5 GtCO2/yr in 2020

Source: SOCATv7; Bakker et al 2016; Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Terrestrial sink

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

The land carbon sink, estimated by Dynamic Global Vegetation Models, was 11.2 ± 2.2 GtCO2/yr �during 2011–2020 and 10.7 ± 3.6 GtCO2/yr in 2020.�Total CO₂ fluxes on land (including land-use change) are also constrained by atmospheric inversions.

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Land and ocean sinks — Effects of CO₂ vs climate change

Process models suggest that increasing atmospheric CO₂ drives the land and ocean sinks while climate change reduces the carbon sinks; the climate effect is largest in tropical and semi-arid land ecosystems.�Globally during the 2011-2020 decade, climate change reduced the land sink by ~15% and the ocean sink by ~5%

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Budget 2021

CO₂ Source

CO₂ Sink

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Land and ocean sinks — Estimates from atmospheric inversions

Atmospheric CO₂ inversions allow to estimate the land and ocean carbon fluxes, independently from the land and ocean process-based models estimates, confirming the global carbon budget estimates of the land and ocean partitioning of anthropogenic CO₂

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Budget 2021

CO₂ Sink

CO₂ Source

CO₂ Sink

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Total land and ocean fluxes

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

Total land and ocean fluxes show more interannual variability in the tropics

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Remaining carbon budget imbalance

The budget imbalance is the carbon left after adding independent estimates for total emissions, minus the�atmospheric growth rate and estimates for the land and ocean carbon sinks using models constrained by observations

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

Large and unexplained variability in the global carbon balance caused by uncertainty�and understanding hinder independent verification of reported CO₂ emissions

positive values mean overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks

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Global carbon budget

The cumulative contributions to the global carbon budget from 1850�The carbon imbalance represents the gap in our current understanding of sources & sinks

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Remaining carbon budget

The remaining carbon budget to limit global warming to 1.5°C , 1.7°C and 2°C is �420 GtCO₂, 770 GtCO₂, and 1270 GtCO₂ respectively, equivalent to 11, 20 and 32 years from 2022.�2475 GtCO₂ have been emitted since 1750

Quantities are subject to [additional] uncertainties e.g., future mitigation choices of non-CO₂ emissions

Source: IPCC AR6 WG1; Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Budget 2021

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Infographics

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Infographic

Download in full resolution

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Acknowledgements

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Acknowledgements

The work presented in the Global Carbon Budget 2021 has been possible thanks to the contributions of hundreds of people involved in observational networks, modeling, and synthesis efforts.

We thank the institutions and agencies that provide support for individuals and funding that enable the collaborative effort of bringing all components together in the carbon budget effort.

We thank the sponsors of the GCP and GCP support and liaison offices.

We also want thank the EU/H2020 projects 4C (821003) and VERIFY (776810) that supported this coordinated effort as well as each of the many funding agencies that supported the individual components of this release. A full list in provided in Table A9 of Friedlingstein et al. 2021.

https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2021-386/

We also thanks the Fondation BNP Paribas for supporting the Global Carbon Atlas and the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) for hosting our data.

This presentation was created by Robbie Andrew and Pierre Friedlingstein with Pep Canadell, Glen Peters and Corinne Le Quéré in support of the international carbon research community.

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Additional Figures

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Additional Figures�Fossil CO₂

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Top emitters: Fossil CO₂ Emissions

Emissions by country from 2000 to 2020, with the growth rates �indicated for the more recent period of 2015 to 2020

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Per capita CO₂ emissions

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Fossil CO₂ emission intensity

Global CO₂ emissions growth has generally resumed quickly from global crises.�Emission intensity has steadily declined but not sufficiently to offset economic growth.

Economic activity is measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms in 2010 US dollars.

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Top emitters: Fossil CO₂ Emission Intensity

Emission intensity (emission per unit economic output) generally declines over time.�In many countries, these declines are insufficient to overcome economic growth.

GDP is measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms in 2010 US dollars.

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Kaya decomposition

The Kaya decomposition illustrates that relative decoupling of economic growth from CO₂ emissions �is driven by improved energy intensity (Energy/GDP)

GDP: Gross Domestic Product (economic activity)�Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Fossil CO₂ emission intensity

The 10 largest economies have a wide range of emission intensity of economic activity

Emission intensity: Fossil CO₂ emissions divided by Gross Domestic Product (GDP)�Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Fossil CO₂ Emissions per capita

The 10 most populous countries span a wide range of development and emissions per capita

Emission per capita: Fossil CO₂ emissions divided by population�Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Alternative rankings of countries

The responsibility of individual countries depends on perspective.�Bars indicate fossil CO₂ emissions, population, and GDP.

GDP: Gross Domestic Product in Market Exchange Rates (MER) and Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)�Source: United Nations; Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Breakdown of global fossil CO₂ emissions by country

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Fossil CO₂ emissions by continent

Asia dominates global fossil CO₂ emissions, while emissions in North America�are of similar size to those in Europe, and the Middle East is growing rapidly.

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Fossil CO₂ emissions by continent: per capita

Oceania and North America have the highest per capita emissions, while the Middle East has recently overtaken Europe. �Africa has by far the lowest emissions per capita.

Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Additional Figures�Consumption-based Emissions

Consumption–based emissions allocate emissions to the location that goods and services are consumed

Consumption-based emissions = Production/Territorial-based emissions minus emissions embodied in exports plus the emissions embodied in imports

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Consumption-based emissions (carbon footprint)

Allocating fossil CO₂ emissions to consumption provides an alternative perspective.�USA and EU28 are net importers of embodied emissions, China and India are net exporters.

Consumption-based emissions are calculated by adjusting the

standard production-based emissions to account for international trade�Source: Peters et al 2011; Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2019

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Consumption-based emissions per person

The differences between fossil CO₂ emissions per capita is larger than the�differences between consumption and territorial emissions.

Consumption-based emissions are calculated by adjusting the

standard production-based emissions to account for international trade�Source: Peters et al 2011; Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2019

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Consumption-based emissions (carbon footprint)

Transfers of emissions embodied in trade between OECD and non-OECD countries grew�slowly during the 2000’s, but has since slowly declined.

Source: Peters et al 2011; Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Major flows from production to consumption

Flows from location of generation of emissions to location of�consumption of goods and services

Values for 2011. EU is treated as one region. Units: MtCO_2�Source: Peters et al 2012

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Major flows from extraction to consumption

Flows from location of fossil fuel extraction to location of�consumption of goods and services

Values for 2011. EU is treated as one region. Units: MtCO_2�Source: Andrew et al 2013

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Additional Figures�Historical Emissions

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Total global emissions by source

Land-use change was the dominant source of annual CO₂ emissions until around 1950.�Fossil CO₂ emissions now dominate global changes.

Others: Emissions from gas flaring and carbonate decomposition�Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Historical cumulative emissions by source

Others: Emissions from gas flaring and carbonate decomposition�Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Historical cumulative fossil CO₂ emissions by country

‘All others’ includes all other countries along with emissions from international aviation and maritime shipping�Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021

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Historical cumulative emissions by continent

Cumulative fossil CO₂ emissions (1850–2020). North America and Europe have �contributed the most cumulative emissions, but Asia is growing fast

The figure excludes emissions from international aviation and maritime shipping�Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021