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Moderator: Dr. Uche

VITAL

IN PAEDIATRICS

STATISTICS

PAEDIATRICS TUTORIALS

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  • Geofrey Eugenia
  • Gilla Cheryl
  • Gowon Jeremiah
  • Grace O. Oyedepo
  • Habila Deborah
  • Hosea-Matthew Miriam S.
  • Ibrahim Blessing
  • Idoko Blessing

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GROUP MEMBERS

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OUTLINE

  • INTRODUCTION.
  • ORIGIN
  • INDICATORS
  • AIMS
  • SOURCES
  • IMORTANCE OF VITAL STATISTICS
  • IMPORTANT VITAL STATISTICS
  • CAUSES OF NEONATAL AND UNDER FIVE MORTALITY
  • PREVENTION OF UNDER-FIVE MORTALITY.
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES

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INTRODUCTION

  • Vital statistics is a branch of biometry that deals with data and the law of human mortality, morbidity and demography.

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  • The process of maintaining vital statistics is a purposeful mechanism of collecting, processing, analyzing and transmitting information required for organizing and operating health services and also for research and training.

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DEFINITION

  • According to U.N.O, Vital statistics is a numerical description of the birth, death, abortion, marriage, divorce and adaptation.

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  • In paediatrics, vital statistics reflects the health profile of the child and also form an important component of auditing the adequacy of the available health services.

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  • Vital statistics comprises a number of important events in human life including birth, death, fetal death, marriage, divorce, annulment, judicial separation, adoption, legitimation, and recognition.

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ORIGIN

  • It began with the study of John Graunts in England who studied the weekly bills of mortality and discovered that Urban death rates were higher than rural and founded that the male births were higher than the female births.

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INDICATORS

  • Demography and vital events.
  • Environment health statistics.
  • Health resources facilities, beds, manpower.
  • Utilization and non-utilization of health services attendance.
  • Health care indices.
  • Financial statistics.

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AIMS

  • To provide reliable, relevant, up to date, adequate, timely and reasonably complete information to the health authority at all levels.

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  • Health care providers are able to intervene in the health status of the population, provided the availability of appropriate tools for measuring health, illness and well being of the child is there.

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  • To transform information through integration and processing with perception and experience based on social and political value.
  • To help promote health legislation at local and National level.
  • To help develop policies and procedure at state and PHC level.
  • To assist in determination of success or failure of specific health management approach.

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SOURCES OF VITAL STATISTICS

  • Civil registration system.
  • Population censuses.
  • National Sample survey.
  • Sample Registration system.
  • Health surveys.
  • Hospital records.

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CIVIL REGISTRATION SYSTEM

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  • It is defined as the continuous permanent and compulsory recording of the occurrence of vital events like live births, fetal deaths, marriages, divorces, as well as annulments, judicial separation, adoption.
  • It is performed under a law and regulation so as to provide legal basis to the records and certificate made from system.

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POPULATION CENSUSES

  • Census is a periodic and systematic record of population information.
  • It provides information on the age and sex distribution, in addition to household composition and size, all of which are vital in determining the needs of different segments of the population.
  • It is intended to record data on as many people as is physically possible in order to produce the most accurate results.

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NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY

  • The data collected from the census are not very reliable and available only once in 10 years.
  • In absence of reliable data from the civil registration system, the need for reliable statistics at National and State levels is being met through sample surveys launched from time to time.

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SAMPLE REGISTRATION SYSTEM

  • There is continuous enumeration of births and deaths in a sample of villages/urban blocks by a resident part-time enumerator and then,
  • There is an independent six-monthly retrospective survey by a full time supervisor.

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HEALTH SURVEYS

  • A few important sources for demographic data have emerged.
  • These are National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) and the District Levels Household Survey (DLHS) conducted for evaluation of reproductive and Child health programmes.

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NFHS provides estimates of

  • Fertility.
  • Child mortality and a number of fertility.
  • Child mortality and a number of health parameters relating to infants and children at state level.

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DLHS provides information at the district level on a number of indicators relating to

  • Child health.
  • Reproductive health problems and
  • Quality of services availability to them.

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HOSPITAL RECORDS

  • Hospital records typically consist of self-reported or informant’s patient information(such as contact and demographic information, lifestyle habits, medical history, vaccination information, etc) along with doctors notes on diagnoses, care and treatments.

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  • Comprehensive and accurate hospital records empower healthcare professionals to treat patients to the best of their ability.
  • Every single available detail is important because all accumulated information can contribute to diagnosis and treatment.

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IMPORTANCE OF VITAL STATISTICS

  • Whether collected by civil registration or by other means, vital statistics serve as key demographic variables in the analysis of population size, growth and geographic distribution, especially when used in conjunction with periodic population censuses.

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  • To describe the level of community health.
  • Diagnose community illness and solution of health problems.
  • To determine success or failure of specific health problems.
  • To determine the health status of the individual.
  • To promote health legislation at local and National level.
  • To develop policies and procedure at state and center level.

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  • To evacuate impact of various National health program.
  • To plan for better future measures of disease control.
  • To explain hereditary nature of disease.
  • To evaluate economic and social development.
  • It is a primary tool of research activity.

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  • Life expectancy at birth is also frequently used to compare the overall effects of mortality and its determinants.
  • Cause of death information provides a foundation upon which much research into diseases and disease prevention is based.

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  • The planning and provision of public and private housing, educational facilities, social security and private insurance plans, medical facilities, and consumer goods of all kinds are examples of activities dependent on vital statistics data.
  • At the international level, vital statistics provide a basis for comparing important demographic, social, and economic differences and trends over time among countries or regions of the world.

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IMPORTANT VITAL STATISTICS.

  • Crude death rate.
  • Age-specific death rate.
  • Infant mortality rate.
  • Neonatal mortality rate.
  • Post-neonatal mortality rate.
  • Perinatal mortality rate.
  • Under-five mortality rate.
  • Crude birth rate.
  • Child mortality rate.

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  • Crude Death Rate = Total death in a given year/Average or mid-year population of a year x 1000.
  • Age-specific Death Rate = number of death at age “a” x 1000/mid-year population of a given year at age “a”.
  • Infant mortality rate = number of infant death in a year/number of live births in the year x 1000.
  • Neonatal mortality rate = Death under one month/Number of live births in the same year x 1000.

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  • Post-neonatal mortality rate = Death between 1st and 11 complete months/number of live births x 1000.
  • Perinatal mortality = [Late fetal death (28 weeks of gestation) + Early neonate death (1st week) in a year]/Live birth in the same year x 1000.
  • Under-five mortality rate =number of death of children aged 1-4years during a year /total number of children aged 1-4 years at the middle of the year x 1000.

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INFANT MORTALITY RATE(INFANT DEATH PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS)

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1970

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2013

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WORLD

89

38

AFRICA

139

62

ASIA

91

34

EUROPE

27

6

NORTH AMERICA

21

5

NIGERIA

153

69

GHANA

110

53

INDIA

129

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Currently (2022) in Nigeria, the infant mortality rate is 56 per 1000 live birth

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PATTERN OF UNDER-FIVE MORTALITY RATE(DEATH PER 1000 LIVE BIRTH).

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REGION

1970

2012

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

242

98

EAST/SOUTH AFRICA

209

77

WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA

274

118

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CAUSES OF PERINATAL MORTALITY

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ANTENATAL

INTRA-NATAL

POST-NATAL

UNKNOWN

Maternal disease.

Birth injuries.

Prematurity.

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Pelvic disease.

Ashyxia.

Respiratory distress syndrome.

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Anatomical defect.

Prolonged labour.

Infections.

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Malnutrition.

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Toxemia of pregnancy.

Obstetric complications

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FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CHILDHOOD MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN TROPICAL COUNTRIES

  • Malnutrition
  • Major childhood infections
  • Acute infectious disease
  • Genetic and other diseases
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Overweight/Obesity
  • Rural urban migration
  • Child labour

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CAUSES OF UNDER FIVE MORTALITY

  • Communicable diseases like measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, etc.
  • Accidents.
  • Congenital anomalies.
  • Malignant neoplasm.
  • Pneumonia.

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MEASURES OF REDUCING PERINATAL MORTALITY

  • Educate the community about the age of marriage.
  • Adequate immunization, prevention of HIV infection, avoidance of drug abuse.
  • Proper nutrition to the mother.
  • In antenatal period, optimum care of mother and need to seek medical advice in emergency.
  • In intra-natal period, use aseptic techniques by skilled person, safe delivery, control infections and complications.

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PREVENTION OF UNDER-FIVE MORTALITY

  • G- Growth monitoring/Promotion.
  • O- Oral Rehydration Therapy.
  • B- Breast feeding.
  • I- Immunization.
  • F- Family Planning.
  • F- Female education.
  • F- Food Supplementation/Fortification.
  • E- Environment Sanitation.
  • E- Essential drugs.
  • T- Treatment of common childhood diseases.
  • H- Health education.

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Others include:

  • Pre-natal nutrition and routine check-ups.
  • Prevention of infection and aseptic techniques.
  • Socio-economic development.
  • National health programs.

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CONCLUSION

  • Vital Statistics being the numerical description of birth, death, and vital events help provide reliable, relevant, up to date, adequate, timely reasonably complete information for health management at all levels.

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REFERENCES

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THANK YOU

FOR

LISTENING