M.S.E Baripada 757107
Prepared by- Miss Mamata Mohanta
Lecture in chemistry ( Dept. of Science&Humanities)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Organic chemistry may be defined as the chemistry of covalently bonded carbon compounds (other than than metallic and oxides of carbon)
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
Example : methane, DNA, urea, DDT (insecticide),
penicillin , nicotine, aspirin etc..
Organic chemistry was first defined as a branch of modern science in the early 1800's by Jon Jacob Berzelius. He classified chemical compounds into two main groups:
i. Organic: if they originated in living or once-living matter, and
ii). Inorganic: if they came from "mineral" or non-living matter.
All organic compounds consist of carbon and hydrogen.
Many also contain oxygen and nitrogen
Other elements may also be present.
Phosphorous, halogens and/or metals
Most compounds are composed of carbon chains
bonded with hydrogen
Carbon can make four (4) bonds
Hydrogen can make one (1) bond
Oxygen can make two (2) bonds
Nitrogen can make three (3) bonds
Sulfur can make two (2) bonds
Halogens can make one (1) bond
|
– C –
|
H –
- O -
– N –
|
-S –
Cl -
Aromatic
Classification of organic compound
Aliphatic
● OPEN chains of Carbon atoms.
● Unbranched or Branched
● Contain Single, Double or Triple bonds.
Example: ethane (CH3–CH3)
ethene / ethylene (CH2=CH2)
Ethayene HC =CH
Aromatic
● CLOSE rings of Carbon atoms.
● Contain a benzene ring.
Example: Benzene
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Alkanes – All single bond between carbons
(name ends in “ane”)
Alkenes – contains double bonds between carbons
(name ends in “ene”)
Alkynes – contains triple bonds between carbons
(name ends in “yne”)
First 10 compounds of alkene
Toluene is a common solvent used for the following:
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Uses of Anthracene
Anthracene can also have a hydroxyl group to form 1-hydroxyanthracene and 2-hydroxyanthracene, homologous to phenol and napthol, and hydroxyanthracene is also called anthrol, and anthracenol.
Hydroxyanthracene derivatives are pharmacologically active, and are contained in aloe, for example.
Anthracene is an organic semiconductor.
Anthracene is used as a scintillator for detectors of high energy photons, electrons and alpha particles. Plastics such as polyvinyltolulene can be doped with Anthracene to produce a plastic scintillator that is approximately water equivalent for use in radiation therapy dosimetry. Anthracenes emission spectrum peaks at between 400nm and 440nm.