CLASS PREVIEW
*Explain the physiological, cultural, and situational factors that produce and influence hunger.
*Continue Unit 4c (“Motivation: Hunger Motivation”) (M 4.7c)
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AP PSYCHOLOGY DAY 68
UNIT 4: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PERSONALITY
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UNIT 4: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PERSONALITY
*Are there behaviors and motivations that cannot be explained by our homeostatic systems?
-Some human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimal levels of arousal (ex. base jumping)
-According to sensation seeking theory, “sensation seekers” may display traits such as:
**Experience seeking (a desire for novel sensory or mental experiences)
**Thrill or adventure seeking (an attraction to risky or fear-inspiring activities)
**Disinhibition (a loss of self-control)
**Boredom susceptibility (the inability to tolerate monotony or repetition)
UNIT 4: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PERSONALITY
*The Yerkes-Dodson law is the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
-Ex. When taking an exam, it pays to be moderately aroused- alert but not trembling with nervousness
**Between bored low arousal and anxious hyperarousal lies a flourishing life… But optimal arousal levels depend on the task (?)
UNIT 4: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PERSONALITY
*Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs predicts that some needs take priority over others, with the more basic needs needing to be met before moving on to the next level
-The final life goal is self-actualization, a need to fulfill our unique potential as a person by finding meaning and identity beyond the self
-Are there some common human behaviors that seem to violate Maslow’s theory?
UNIT 4: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PERSONALITY
*In 1950, Ancel Keys studied semistarvation among 200 male volunteers
-The men were fed normally for 3 months before 36 of them had their food intake HALVED
**Their body weights eventually stabilized about 25% below their starting weights
-How did the reduction in food intake affect these participants?
UNIT 4: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PERSONALITY
*Several biological cues create a feeling of hunger:
A. Stomach pangs (contractions)
**A. L. Washburn & Walter Cannon conducted the “Cannon-Washburn Hunger Experiment” (1912), in which Washburn swallowed a balloon to study stomach contractions and hunger sensations
--However, Y.C. Tsang (1938) removed the stomachs of rats and created a direct path to their small intestines, and the rats continued to eat… What does this imply?
UNIT 4: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PERSONALITY
*Several biological cues create a feeling of hunger:
B. Body Chemistry and the Brain
**The hypothalamus (the arcuate nucleus) monitors and helps to control body chemistry (including the ratio of glucose (?) and insulin (?)) and makes us feel hungry when we need to eat
--The Lateral Hypothalamus (sides): brings on hunger; when glucose levels drop, the hormone orexin is released (ex. fat rats)
--The Ventromedial Hypothalamus (lower middle): depresses hunger; when stimulated, animals stop eating & food is more readily stored as fat
UNIT 4: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PERSONALITY
*Several biological cues create a feeling of hunger:
B. Body Chemistry and the Brain (Continued)
**The hypothalamus monitors other appetite hormones, as well:
--Ghrelin- secreted by an empty stomach, ghrelin INCREASES hunger
--Leptin- secreted by fat cells, leptin decreases hunger
--PYY- secreted by the digestive tract, PYY decreases hunger
*Our set point is the point at which the “weight thermostat” may be set; when the body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered basal metabolic rate (the body’s resting rate of energy output) may combine to restore lost weight
-What might this mean for individuals that are dieting?
**Some researchers prefer the term settling point to indicate the level at which a person’s weight settles in response to caloric intake and expenditure
UNIT 4: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PERSONALITY
*Physiological cues are not the only reasons that we feel hungry; psychological factors play major roles, as well (SEE the Paul Rozin amnesia test) (?); for ex:
-When feeling tense or depressed, we tend to seek out high-calorie foods and carbohydrates… Comfort foods (?)
-The ecology of eating (the time of day, presence of others, serving size, food selections, and nutritional information) influences our eating
**Are you mostly an internal (people whose hunger is typically a response to internal cues) or external (people whose hunger is typically a response to external food cues)?
-Food preferences are the result of biopsychosocial factors (nature & nurture)
**Food cravings, delicacies, & food aversions are triggered by a combination of nature & nurture (?)
UNIT 4: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PERSONALITY
*Complete the DAY 68 EXIT TICKET assignment posted to the Google Classroom!!!
UNIT 4: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PERSONALITY
*Continue Unit 4c (“Emotion: Theories and Physiology of Emotion”) (M 4.8a)
*NONE!!!