Writing Your Results and Discussion

Basori^1,2

Presented Webinar Held by Tadris Bahasa Inggris Universitas Islam Malang

May 15, 2026

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¹ Purdue University

² Universitas Islam Negeri Malang

The agenda

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Add name and title of the subject here, �Franklin Gothic Book 10

1. Reviewing problem, purpose, and methods of your study.
2. Explaining results (findings) and discussion part of your study.
3. Planning your results (findings) and discussion conclusion section.
4. Wrapping up the session

Level of confidence writing a thesis?

Reviewing problem, purpose, and methods

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Reviewing problem, purpose, and methods

Problem

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1. What does my reader already know about my topic?

2. What will I need to explicitly explain to my reader for them to understand the significance of my topic?

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Purpose

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The intent of your study

Methods

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• The research design
• The participants
• Instruments
• Data collection
• Data analysis

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Example of problem, purpose, and methods

Taken from Terrell (2022)

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Example of problem, purpose, and methods

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Taken from Terrell (2022)

Example of problem, purpose, and methods

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Taken from Terrell (2022)

Example of Purpose Statement

Zimmerman and Kulikowich (2016).

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The Literature Review, why is not there?

The Community of Inquiry

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Need practical recommendations to get the benefits of online learning, particularly in gauging students' engagement in a blended course and proposed a beneficial pedagogical implication

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

Planning Results (findings), and Discussion

Planning Results (findings)

Results-What did you find?

Do

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1. Purpose: Reports your findings: quantitative, qualitative, or mixed.
2. Format: written texts, tables, graphs, and other illustration.
3. Qualitative: Descriptive data, such as interviews and observations. Less common are tables and figures. Often organized by themes and include quotes.
4. Quantitative: Number-based approached that involves statistical measurement outcomes. Primarily numerical.
5. Write in a past tense.

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Don’t

1. Do not interpret the data.
2. Do not include raw data.
3. Avoid providing irrelevant data that do not tie to your research questions.

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Results-What did you find?

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Results-How the section is structured?

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1. Write an introduction to connect the results with your research questions.
2. Report your findings in a structured way, such as thematically or

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Planning Discussion

Discussion-How you interpret the results?

Do

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1. Interpret and explain the results e.g., the key findings, expected and unexpected results.
2. Compare with past research and/ theories: Refer to your literature review for aligned and/ or difference and explain how.
3. Address research questions: Connect to your research questions and/ hypothesis (support or differ) and explain.
4. Provide implications: Either new, support previous, conflict with existing knowledge.
5. Describe limitations and suggest future research: Example are sample size, timeframe, or potential biases.
6. Use present tense

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Discussion-How the section is structured?

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1. Briefly re-stating the research problem.
2. Answer all of the research questions.
3. In each research question: explain findings including unexpected findings (if any) => a brief interpretation => cite the work of others.
4. State the principal implications. Why your findings are important and how they support understanding of the research problem.

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• State the potential limitations, weaknesses, and recommendations for future research (sometimes in the conclusion as well).

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Example: Discussion

Instructors’ perceptions of the use of learning analytics for data-driven decision making (Hershkovitz, Ambrose, & Soffer, 2024).

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Example: Discussion

Comparing instructional models … (Wen, Dawod, & Yu, 2025)

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The present study integrates Flipped Clasroom and PBL into a blended learning framework for a university physics experiment course to address these gaps. It examines the effects of these approaches on the students' academic performance, critical thinking, and self-efficacy while also investigating how the students' online and offline learning behaviours contribute to academic success.

Example: Discussion

Distance education under duress: a case… (Stewart & Lowenthal, 2022)

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Wrap Up

We have:

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1. Reviewed problem, purpose, and methods of your study.
2. Explained results (findings) and discussion part of your study.
3. Planned your results (findings) and discussion conclusion section.

References

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• University System of New Hampshire. (n.d.). The results, discussion, and conclusion. https://pressbooks.usnh.edu/communications-capstone/chapter/the-results-discussion-and-conclusion/
• Ammon, C. (n.d.). Results section for research papers. https://www.sjsu.edu/writingcenter/docs/handouts/Results%20Section%20for%20Research%20Papers.pdf
• Sacred Heart University Library. (n.d.). Organizing academic research papers: 7. The results. https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185931
• Terrell, S. R. (2022). Writing a proposal for your dissertation: Guidelines and examples. Guilford Publications.
• University of Southern California Libraries. (n.d.). Research guides. https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/discussion
• Wen, X., Dawod, A. Y., & Yu, X. (2025). Comparing Instructional Models and Predicting Academic Performance in Physics Experiments: A Quasi-Experimental Study. IJLTER. ORG, 24(10), 58-84.
• Stewart, W. H., & Lowenthal, P. R. (2022). Distance education under duress: a case study of exchange students’ experience with online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Korea. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 54(sup1), S273-S287.
• Hershkovitz, A., Ambrose, G. A., & Soffer, T. (2024). Instructors’ perceptions of the use of learning analytics for data-driven decision making. Education Sciences, 14(11), 1180.

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Thank You

Basori

fbasori@purdue.edu

Portfolio: https://sites.google.com/uin-malang.ac.id/basori/home

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