1 of 34

Chapter-1:οΏ½Basics of Surveying

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Indus Institute of Tech. & Engg.

​

​

​

​

Subject: Elements of Civil & Environment Engineering

Subject Code:FY410021

​

2 of 34

Topics to be covered(Teaching hours: 04)

2

  • Definition of Surveying
  • Aims of Surveying
  • Applications of Surveying
  • Fundamental Principles of Surveying
  • Primary Divisions Of Surveying
  • Classification of Surveying
  • Plans and Maps
  • Scales
  • Units of Measurement

​

3 of 34

Introduction

  • Surveying is the art of and science of determining the relative positions of various points or stations on the surface of the earth by measuring the horizontal and vertical distances, angles, and taking the details of these points and by preparing a map or plan to any suitable scale.

3

4 of 34

4

5 of 34

Aims of Surveying

    • The object of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to show the relative positions of the objects on the surface of the earth.
    • The map or plan is drawn to some suitable scale. It also shows boundaries of districts, states, and countries too.
    • It also includes details of different engineering features such as buildings, roads, railways, dams, canals etc.

​

5

6 of 34

Applications of Surveying

    • The surveying may be used for following purposes:
      • To prepare a topographical map which shows hills, valleys, rivers, forests, villages, towns etc.
      • To prepare a cadastral map which shows the boundaries of fields, plots, houses and other properties..
      • To prepare an engineering map which shows the position of engineering works such as buildings, roads, railways, dams, canals.
      • To prepare a contour map to know the topography of the area to find out the best possible site for roads, railways, bridges, reservoirs, canals, etc.
      • Surveying is also used to prepare military map, geological map, archaeological map etc.
      • For setting out work and transferring details from the map on the ground.

​

6

7 of 34

Topographic Map

Cadastral Map

8 of 34

8

Engineering Map

Contour Map

9 of 34

9

Millitary Map

10 of 34

10

Geological Map

11 of 34

11

Archaeological Map

12 of 34

Fundamental Principles of Surveying

    • Two basic principles of surveying are:
      • Always work from whole to the part, and
      • To locate a new station by at least two measurements ( Linear or angular) from fixed reference points.

​

12

13 of 34

Primary Divisions of Surveying

  • We know that the shape of the earth is spheroidal. Thus the surface is obviously curved. Surveying is primarily divided into two types considering the curvature of the earth’s surface.
      • Plane Surveying
      • Geodetic Surveying

​

13

14 of 34

Plain Surveying

  • The plain surveying is that type of surveying in which earth surface is considered as a plane and the curvature of the earth is ignored.
  • In such surveying a line joining any two stations is considered to be straight.
  • The triangle formed by any three points is considered as a plane triangle, and the angles of the triangle are considered as plain angles.
  • Surveying is carried out for a small area of less than 250 km2 . It is carried out by local or state agencies like R & B department, Irrigation department, Railway department.

​

14

15 of 34

Geodetic Surveying

    • The geodetic Surveying is that type of surveying in which the curvature of the earth is taken into account.
    • It is generally extended over larger areas.
    • The line joining any two stations is considered as curved line.
    • The triangle formed by any three points is considered to be spherical and the angles of the triangle are considered to be spherical angles.
    • Geodetic surveying is conducted by the survey of India Department and is carried out for a larger area exceeding 250 km2

​

15

16 of 34

16

No.

Plain Surveying

Geodetic Surveying

1

The earth surface is considered as plain Surface.

The earth surface is considered as Curved Surface.

​

2.

The Curvature of the earth is ignored

The curvature of earth is taken into account.

3

Line joining any two stations is considered to be straight

The line joining any two stations is considered as spherical.

4.

The triangle formed by any three points is considered as plain

The Triangle formed by any three points is considered as spherical.

5.

The angles of triangle are considered as plain angles.

The angles of the triangle are considered as spherical angles.

6.

Carried out for a small area < 250 km2

Carried out for a small area > 250 km2

​

17 of 34

Classification of Surveying

  • Survey can be classified into various categories depending on various categories

​

17

Classification of Surveying

Classification based on Instruments

Classification based on Purposes

Classification based on Methods

Classification based on nature of field

18 of 34

18

Classification based on Instruments

Chain Survey

Compass Survey

Plane Table Survey

Chain & Compass Survey

Theodolite Survey

Tacheometry Survey

Levelling Survey

Photogrammetric Survey

EDM Survey

19 of 34

19

Classification based on Methods

Triangulation

Traversing

20 of 34

20

Classification based on Purposes

Geological Survey

Mine Survey

Archaeological Survey

Military Survey

21 of 34

21

Classification based on Nature of field

Land Survey

Hydrographic Survey

Astronomic Survey

Aerial Survey

22 of 34

22

23 of 34

23

24 of 34

24

25 of 34

Plans & Maps

  • Plan
    • A plan is the graphical representation to some scale, of the features on, near or below the surface of the earth as projected on a horizontal plane.
    • The horizontal plane is represented by plane of drawing sheets on which the plan is drawn to some scale.

​

25

26 of 34

26

27 of 34

27

28 of 34

  • Map
    • If the scale of the graphical projection on a horizontal plane is small, the plan is called a map. Thus graphical representation is called a plan if the scale is large while it is called a map if the scale is small.
    • On plan, generally only horizontal distances and directions or angles are shown. On topographical map, however the vertical distances (elevations) are also represented by contour lines.

​

​

28

29 of 34

29

30 of 34

30

31 of 34

Scales

  • It is basic requirement for the preparation of plan or map.
  • Scale is used to represent large distances on paper.
  • The ratio by which the actual length of the object is reduced or increased in the drawing is known as the β€˜Scale’
  • For example., if 1 cm on a map represents a distance of 10 metres on the ground, the scale of the map is said to be 1 cm = 10 m.

​

31

32 of 34

Representative Fraction

  • Β 

32

33 of 34

  • Β 

33

34 of 34

34