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Eng. Suleiman Sead Ibrahim

Artificial Intelligence

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Motivation

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Course objectives

  • Demonstrate fundamental understanding of artificial intelligence (AI) and its foundations.
  • Apply basic principles of AI in solutions that require problem solving, inference, perception, knowledge representation, and learning.
  • Demonstrate awareness and a fundamental understanding of various applications of AI techniques in intelligent agents, expert systems, artificial neural networks and other machine learning models.

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Course structure

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  • This course will consist of:
  • Theoretical aspects about AI
  • Programming sessions(C++, Java or python )

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Textbooks

Download !

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Chapter 1 �An Introduction to AI

Chapter outline

  1. What is Artificial Intelligence?
  2. What is Intelligence?
  3. What is Intelligence Composed of?
  4. Applications of AI
  5. Types of Artificial Intelligence
  6. Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
  7. Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

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What is Artificial Intelligence?

  • Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-made thinking power."
  •  It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions.

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What is Intelligence?

  • The Intelligence is the ability of a system to calculate, reason, learn from experience, store and retrieve information from memory, solve problems,, use natural language fluently, classify and adapt new situations.

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What is Intelligence Composed of?

  • It is composed of :
  • Reasoning
  • Learning
  • Problem Solving
  • Perception
  • Linguistic Intelligence

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What Contributes to AI

  • To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence requires the following discipline:
  • Mathematics
  • Biology
  • Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Computer Science
  • Neurons Study
  • Statistics

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Applications of AI

  • Intelligent Robots
  • Gaming
  • Natural Language Processing
  • Vision Systems
  • Expert Systems
  • Speech Recognition

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Types of Artificial Intelligence

  • Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various types, there are mainly two types of main categorization which are based on capabilities and based on functionality of AI. 
  • Type-1: based on Capabilities
  • Type-2: based on functionality�

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AI type-1: based on Capabilities

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  1. Weak AI or Narrow AI
  2. General AI
  3. Super AI

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Weak AI or Narrow AI

  • Narrow AI is AI that is programmed to perform a single task .
  • It is a machine intelligence that is limited to a specific or narrow area.
  • The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial Intelligence
  • Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI.
  • Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.

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General AI

  • General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a human.
  • The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and think like a human by its own.
  • Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and can perform any task as perfect as a human.
  • The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General AI.

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Super AI

  • Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties.
  • It is an outcome of general AI.
  • Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, to reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.

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Type-2: Based on functionality

  1. Reactive machines
  2. Limited memory
  3. Theory of mind
  4. Self-awareness

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Reactive Machines

  • Reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
  • Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
  • These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action.

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  • IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.

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Limited memory

  • Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of time.
  • These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
  • Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems.
  • These cars can store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other information to navigate the road.

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Theory of mind

  • In theory of mind, AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans.

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  • This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making lots of efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.

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Self-awareness

  • Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
  • These machines will be smarter than human mind.
  • Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.

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Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

  1. High Accuracy with less errors
  2. High-Speed
  3. High reliability
  4. Useful for risky areas

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Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

  1. High Cost
  2. Can't think out of the box
  3. No feelings and emotions
  4. Increase dependency on machines
  5. No Original Creativity

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Thank you