Presented by Xin “Frank” Qi

Chinese Medical Interest Group at DGSOM

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Introduction to Medical Mandarin

Lecture 6

Endocrine and Diabetes

Chapter 6: Endocrine organs

• Hypothalamus

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• Pituitary gland

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• Pineal gland

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• Thyroid

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• Parathyroid

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• Pancreas

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• Adrenal gland

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• Cortex/medulla

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• Ovary

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• Testicle

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• Adipose tissue

Hormone nomenclature:

• Effector hormone: named by secreting organ or function
• ______素，________激素
• Tropic hormone:
• 促_______激素
• Tropic hormone releasing hormone
• 促_______激素释放激素

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Chapter 6: hormones

• Somatostatin

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• Oxytocin

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• Growth hormone

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• Prolactin

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• Melatonin

• Thyroxine

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• Iodine

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• TSH

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• TRH

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• Parathyroid hormone

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• Epinephrine

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• Aldosterone

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• Cortisol

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• Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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Chapter 6: hormones

• Antidiuretic hormone

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• Renin

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• Angiotensin

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• Leptin

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• Ghrelin

• Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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• FSH

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• LH

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• Insulin

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• Glucagon

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• Insulin and glucagon control the level of glucose in blood. High blood sugar can be a result of lack of insulin or response to insulin.

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• Thyroid hormone controls the speed of body’s metabolism. Checking thyroid function requires measurement of thyroxin and thyroid stimulating hormone.

Practice:

Chapter 6: Symptoms

• Goiter

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• Dry skin

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• Hair loss

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• Hair growth

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• Fatigue

• Irritability

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• Anxiety

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• Stress

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• Sleep disturbance

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• Weight gain

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• Bruising

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• Tremor

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• Sensitivity to heat/cold

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Chapter 6: Symptoms

• Hyperglycemia

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• Hypoglycemia

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• Polydipsia

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• Polyuria

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• Increased appetite

• Acidosis

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• Alkalosis

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Chapter 6: conditions

• Hyperthyroidism

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• Hypothyroidism

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• Hashimoto thyroiditis

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• hypoparathyroidism

• Pituitary tumor

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• SIADH

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• Cushing’s syndrome

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• hyperaldosteronism

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• Adrenal insufficiency

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• Acromegaly

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• Gigantism

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• hypogonadism

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Chapter 6: conditions

• Type 1 / 2 diabetes

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• Prediabetes

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• Diabetic ketoacidosis

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• Neuropathy

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• retinopathy

• Vascular disease

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• Chronic kidney disease

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• Metabolic syndrome

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• Gestational diabetes

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• I am always tired recently, and I am losing a lot of hair. People say it’s just stress and not getting good sleep, but I’ve always had stress with work and never had this problem.
• Do you notice yourself drinking, eating, and peeing more, but your weight is dropping?

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• Uncontrolled diabetes can cause vascular damage, ultimately causing neuropathy and retinopathy

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Practice:

Chapter 6: tests

• Fasting glucose

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• Hemoglobin A1C

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• Blood sugar monitoring

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• C-peptide

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• Glucose challenge

• Hormone panel

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• Hormone concentration

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• Iodine uptake test

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Chapter 6: treatment

• Insulin injection

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• Insulin pump

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• Long acting

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• Short acting

• Metformin

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• Glucose reabsorption inhibitor

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• Supplemental hormone

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• Thyroidectomy

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Practice:

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• The pituitary gland is the control center of the endocrine system, so pituitary tumor commonly leads to endocrine dysfunction.

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• Iodine intake deficiency can cause goiter, but goiter can have multiple causes.

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Diabetes in Asians

• People of Asian descent generally develop T2DM at an earlier age with lower BMI compared to Caucasians, possibly due to less muscle mass and more visceral fat.
• Current research suggest Asians to be tested for hyperglycemia if BMI>23.
• Healthcare provider thus may be less likely to suspect or test for T2DM in Asians, although the risk of T2DM is not significantly lower compared to other groups.

https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/spotlights/diabetes-asian-americans.html

Practice:

• Blood sugar and hemoglobin A1C are two tests we use to diagnose and monitor diabetes. Type 1 diabetes occur mostly in teenagers and young adults, and type 2 diabetes occur later in adult life.

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• Reducing sugar intake is an important part of controlling type 2 diabetes. Commonly used metformin has side effects.

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Practice:

• Both long and short acting insulin are required to maintain euglycemia. Hypoglycemia can be acute and deadly, while hyperglycemia can cause chronic complications.

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Practice:

• People with diabetes should aim to get half of their daily calories from carbs, which includes sugar and starch. That’s about 200-250 grams of carbs per day.

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• If you have trouble controlling carb intake, you can start by avoiding one of the following: sweets, sugary drinks, juice, too much rice, and starchy vegetables.

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Practice:

• Neuropathy from diabetes can cause pain and numbness. In the long term, it can lead to joint deformities and limb threatening infection.

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Conflict of interest

• No conflict of interest

Credit

• Text in slides and workbook written by Xin “Frank” Qi
• With additional help from members of the CMIG @UCLA
• Video editing by Jasmine Deng