COMMUNITIES AND

ECOSYSTEMS

The nature of life, Stage 3

3.1

LEVELS

OF

ECOLOGICAL

ORGANIZATION

ECOLOGY

Branch of biology that studies the relationship between organisms and their environment.

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INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS

An individual is each living being. It has particular morphological, physiological, or behavoral traits.

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INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS

Sometimes boundaries between individuals are not well defined.

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POPULATIONS

Gene flow

Intraspecific competition

POPULATIONS

It is the possibility of competing for the same resources: space, food, water, solar radiation, and even reproduction.

The force that gives cohesion to a population is the possibility of mating or fertilizing each other.

It is the passage of genetic information.

Gene flow

Intraspecific competition

POPULATIONS

POPULATION PARAMETERS: ABUNDANCE AND DENSITY

Dens = N/A

Abundance is the number of individuals, also known as population size (N).

If we divide abundance by a unit of area, we obtain density.

EXERCISE: CALCULATE DENSITY AND ABUNDANCE

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What is the abundance and density? What does that mean?

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*1 ha = 10,000 m2.

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In 2015, the human population of Monterrey registered an abundance of 4437643 people. This zone has an area of 635000 hectareas.

SEXUAL RATIO

How many males per female?

Relationship between the number of males and females in a population

SPACIAL

DISTRIBUTION

PATTERNS

Dens = N/A

This parameter describes the spacial arrangement of individuals in a population.

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS

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Uniform

Random

Aggregate

The location of an individual does not affect the position of others.

Organisms settle in places where the resources are concentrated.

When an organism marks territories or inhibits the establishment of others.

UNIFORM PATTERN

Hieraaetus fasciatus in Murcia, Spain.

Larrea tridentata in Tamaulipas.

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RANDOM PATTERN

Quercus crassifolia in Ixtlán de Juárez, Oaxaca.

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AGGREGATE PATTERN

Eutetranychus banksi in Güemez, Tamaulipas.

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AGE STRUCTURE

In plants: seeds, reproductive, non reproductive, juveniles, mature age.

Proportion of abundance of individuals of different ages in a population.

Emmigration and death (-)

Immigration and birth (+)

DEMOGRAPHIC

PARAMETERS

Variables that estimate how many organisms are added or subtracted from a population.

EXERCISE: USAGE OF DEMOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS

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What is the population size in 2018 and 2019?

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In 2018, there was a population of 100 birds in Tamaulipas. The birth rate is 50 eggs per year and the mortality rate is 45 birds per year. 18 birds emigrate and 24 immigrate per year.

λ = Nt+1 / Nt

POPULATION GROWTH

RATE

Change in size of a population through time, and is determined by the demographic parameters

EXERCISE: OBTAINING THE POPULATION GROWTH RATE

Population sizes

2018: 100

2019: 111

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λ = Nt+1 / Nt

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In 2018, there was a population of 100 birds in Tamaulipas. The birth rate is 50 eggs per year and the mortality rate is 45 birds per year. 18 birds emigrate and 24 immigrate per year.

3.1.3

COMMU

NITIES

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Set of populations of different species that live in a particular place that maintain interactions with each other.

RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY

Diversity is a bit more specific.

Richness: Number of species that a community has.

Diversity: Variety of species.

COMMUNITY

COMPOSITION

It is a more specific list.

List of species a community contains.

COMMUNITY

PHYSIOGNOMY

How do plants look like?

Physical aspect that communities of sessile organisms have.

SPATIAL STRUCTURE

We can establish relationships.

The way in which populations are distributed in space: horizontal and vertical structure

QUANTITATIVE

STRUCTURE

Which species hoard more resources

What percentage of individuals or biomass each species contributes to the community.

COMMUNITY PHENOLOGY

Seasonal change suffered by the features of the communities.

SUCCESSION STATE

Stage of development that a settled community has in a place after the last catastrophic event occurred.

After a disturbance, colonization spaces are opened.

3.1.4

ECOSYSTEMS

An ecosystem is an open system made up of biotic communities and their abiotic environment, which maintain an exchange of matter and energy. They are not closed.

PRODUCTION

Amount of matter and energy stored per unit of area.

• Primary: Autotrophic organisms
• Secondary: Heterotrophic organisms

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DECOMPOSITION RATE

Speed at which the bodies of beings disintegrate into their smallest parts. It is carried out by saprophagous organisms.

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STANDING BIOMASS AND NECROMASS

Amount of organic matter stored by organisms that have or have not died.

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TROPHIC STRUCTURE

How matter, food and energy move between the living and non-living components of an ecosystem.

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ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCIES

They measure the efficiency with which trophic levels of an ecosystem consume and assimilate food matter and energy.

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NUTRIENT CYCLES

ENERGY FLOW

BIOMES

Types of natural ecosystems associated with the different climatic regions. They register particular sets of organisms that resemble each other despite geographical distance.

TROPHIC OR FOOD CHAIN

Linear scheme by which food passes from one organism to another. The number of times that food energy passes from one living being to another is called trophic level.

TROPHIC OR FOOD CHAIN

TROPHIC NETWORK

This is the way in which they are effectively related populations in an ecosystem.

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TROPHIC STRUCTURE

How matter, food and energy move between the living and non-living components of an ecosystem.

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DETRITIVOROUS

DISINTEGRATORS

SAPROPHAGES

Fungi, protists, and bacteria that consume and degrade the dead matter through non-digestive enzymatic mechanisms.

Animals that consume and degrade dead matter through the digestive tract (vultures, earthworms, beetles, and necrophagous flies).

FIRST LAW OF THERMO-

DYNAMICS

Energy is not created or destroyed, but only transformed. Hence, energy cannot be lost.

Where is energy stored?

SECOND LAW OF THERMO-

DYNAMICS

Energy is not created or destroyed, but only transformed. Hence, energy cannot be lost.

Where is energy stored?

Energy

Work

ENERGY FLOW

Force necessary for a resting object to move. It is measured in Joules (energy needed to lift 1 gram of mass at a height of 1 cm against the force of gravity).

Ability to produce work. It is measured in calories or joules (1 cal = 4184 J).

ENERGY FLOW

The tissues of organisms store energy, which is known as biomass energy. The energy fixed in autotrophic processes is called gross primary production (PPB).

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ENERGY FLOW

Part of the PPB is used in autotrophic respiration (Rautotrophs) and the other is used to build tissues, this is the net primary production (PPN). PPN is the energy available to feed the next trophic levels.

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ENERGY FLOW

Consumption (C)

Defecation (D)

Assimilation (A)

Respiration (R)

The unused fraction of the energy is excreted by the body through feces.

Energy and biomass from PPN stored in a trophic level passes to the next through consumption.

Part of the energy that is assimilated through the intestine.

The used energy can be inverted in respiration or production of biomass (P).

02

01

03

04

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Theory lesson

Features

Tips & tricks

Exercise

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THEORY LESSON

01

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—SOMEONE FAMOUS

“This is a quote. Words full of wisdom that someone important said and can make the reader get inspired.”

INTRODUCTION

You can give a brief description of the topic you want to talk about here. For example, if you want to talk about Mercury, you can say that it’s the smallest planet in the entire Solar System

CONCEPTS

Concept 1

Concept 2

Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s hot and has a poisonous atmosphere

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit larger than the Moon

WHAT IS THIS TOPIC ABOUT?

Pollution

Water

Control

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one of them all

Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun

Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust

EXAMPLES

Oil refinery

Garbage

Chemical

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one of them all

Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun

Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust

RECOMMENDATIONS

Reduction

Treatment

Go green

Stormwater

Prevention

Conservation

Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place

Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun

Venus is the second planet from the Sun

Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all

Saturn is composed of hydrogen and helium

BRAINSTORMING

Water pollution control strategies

Long-term control

Reduction

Short-term control

Activities

Rescheduling

Urban planning

AWESOME WORDS

IDEA GENERATION (ABC)

MAIN IDEA & DETAILS

Water pollution control

Mars is actually a very cold place

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun

Venus is the second planet from the Sun

Reducing

Improving

Planning

WATER POLLUTION IMPACTS

Commercial fisheries

Human health

Industrial productivity

Ecosystem welfare

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun

Venus is the second planet from the Sun

Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all

Saturn is composed of hydrogen and helium

A PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS

WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

Mars is actually a very cold place

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun

Venus is the second planet from the Sun

Mercury

Venus

Mars

Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun

Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all

Saturn is composed of hydrogen and helium

Jupiter

Saturn

Neptune

CLASSIFYING

CAUSES AND EFFECTS

Deaths

Plastics

Unsafe water

Oil leakage

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun

Venus is the second planet from the Sun

Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all

Saturn is composed of hydrogen and helium

Causes

Effects

15,000

Big numbers catch your audience’s attention

WATER POLLUTION SECTORS

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Farming

Industry

Mercury is the smallest planet of them all

Venus is the second planet from the Sun

Home

Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all

70%

20%

10%

QUESTION AND ANSWER

Question

Answer

Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s hot and has a poisonous atmosphere

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit larger than the Moon

PREVENTION OF POLLUTION

Identify

Reduce

Improve

Evaluate

Mars is actually a very cold place

Mercury is a very small planet

Venus has really high temperatures

Jupiter is the biggest planet

9h 55m 23s

333,000.000

386,000 km

is Jupiter's rotation period

Earths is the Sun’s mass

is the distance between Earth and the Moon

PARTS AND WHOLE

PLASTIC WASTE COUNTRIES

China

Indonesia

Philippines

Saturn is a gas giant with rings

Mercury is a very small planet

Jupiter is a very big planet

8.80M

3.20M

1.90M

OUR TEAM

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THANKS!

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