THE WORD AGRICULTURE IS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN WORDS “AGER “OR “AGRI”MEANING SOIL AND CULTURE MEANING CULTIVATION

AGRICULURE IS A SCIENCE THAT IS RELATED TO THE PRIMAEY ACTIVITY

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AGRICULTURE

AGRICULTURE

AGRICULTURE IS A PRIMARY ACTIVITY.

IT INCLUDES GROWING CROPS ,FRUITS ,VEGETABLES ,FLOWERS AND REARING OF LIVESTOCK

IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS FARMING

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ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

ALL THE ACTIVITIES WE DO TO EARN A LIVING ARE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

LET US SEE SOME EXAMPLE

• 1 A WORKER IN A FACTORY IS PRODUCHING GOODS
• 2 A SOFTWARE ENGINEER IS PROVIDING SERVICES
• 3 A TEACHER ALSO PRODUCES SERVICE
• 4 FARMING IT HELP IN CROP PRODUCTION

• PRIMARY

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• SECONDRY

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• TERTIARY

PRIMARY ACTIVITIES�ALL ACTIVITIES CONNECTED WITH EXTRACTION AND PRODUCTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES CAN BE CLASSIFIED UNDER PRIMARY ACTIVITIES� THESE ACTIVITIES PROVIDE RAW MATERIALS

AGRICULTURE , FISHING, POULTRY FARMING AND MINING

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SECONDRY ACTIVITY

• EXAMPLE----MANUFACTURING OF STEEL , BAKING OF BREAD BISCUIT ,WEAVING CLOTH ETC

TERTIARY ACTIVITIES�ALL ACTIVITIES THAT PROVIDE SUPPORT TO THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SECTORS THROUGH SERVICES ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER TERTIARY ACTIVITIES

CULTURE

SERICULTURE

• Commercial rearing of silk worms

PISCICULTURE

• Breeding of fish in specially constructed tanks and ponds

VITICULTURE

• Cultivation of grapes .

HORTICULTURE

• Growing vegetables flowers and fruits for commercial use .

ARABLE LANDIS THE LAND ON WHICH CROP ARE GROWN

FARM SYSTEM

• INPUTS INCLUDS SEEDS, FERTILISERS ,WATER ,MACHINERY AND LABOUR
• 1

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• OUTPUT

PROCESS-�PLOUGHING �,SOWING,� IRRIGATION� ,WEEDING� AND� HARVESTING

OUTPUTS –PRODUCTS LIKE CROPS, WOOL, DAIRY PRODUCT AND POULTRY

TWO –THIRDS OF INDIA ‘S POPULATION IS STILL DEPENDENT ON AGRICULURE

IN THE WORLD 50 PERCENT OF PERSONS ARE ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY

TYPES OF FARMING

SUBSISTENCE FARMING

• INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
• PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTUR

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COMMMERCIAL FARMING

• MIXED FARMING
• COMMERCIAL GRAIN FARMING
• PLANTATION

INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE

• This type of farming is practiced in the thickly populated areas of the monsoon regions of south ,southeast and east Asia
• The farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple tools , irrigation and more labor.
• Climate with large number of days with sunshine and fertile soils permit growing of more than one crop annually on the same plot.
• Rice is the main crop other crops include wheat, maize pulses and oilseed

SUBSISTENCE FARMING

• It is practised by majority of the farmers in India
• It is characterised by small and scattered land holding and use of primitive tools.
• Most of the food production is consumed by farmers and their families.
• The farmers do not use fertilizers and HYV of seeds as they are poor
• Electricity and irrigation facilities are not generally available to them which result in low productivity

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PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE

SHIFTING CULTIVATION(SLASH AND BURN)

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• It is practiced in the thickly forested area of Amazon basin ,Tropical Africa ,parts of southeast Asia and north east India
• These are the areas of heavy rainfall and quick regeneration of vegetation
• A plot of land is cleared by felling the trees and burning them ,The ashes are then mixed with the soil and crop like maize ,yam ,potatoes and cassava are grown
• After the soil loses its fertility , the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves to a new plot

NOMADIC HERDING

• It is practiced in the semiarid and arid regions of Sahara , Central Asia and some parts of India like Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir
• In this type of farming ,herdsmen move from place to place with their animals for fodder and water along defined routes
• this type of movement arises in response to climatic constraints and terrain
• sheep ,camel ,yak and goats are most commonly reared
• They provide milk, meat ,wool hides and other products to the herders and their families

COMMERCIAL FARMING

• Crops are grown on a large scale in large farms or plantations for commercial purposes and for export to other countries .
• It is capital intensive farming requiring high application of modern input .
• Modern input like HVY seed chemicals fertilizers insecticides and pesticides are used to obtain higher productivity . Irrigation is applied to meet water requirement .
• Mechanized farming is practiced .

COMMERCIAL GRAIN FARMING

• It requires heavy capital for the purchases of farm material , machines and payment of labor and expertise .
• Crops are grown for the commercial purpose .
• Wheat and maize are common commercially grown grains .
• Major areas where commercial grain farming are pracised are temperate grasslands of the north America Europe and Asia these areas are sparsely populated with large farms spreading over hundreds of hectares.
• Only single crop can be grown .

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MIXED FARMING

• The land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing livestock .
• It is practiced In Europe , eastern USA Argentina .southeast Australia, New Zealand and south Africa

PLANTATIONS

• Are type of commercial farming where single crop of tea coffee sugarcane cashew rubber banana and cotton are grown .
• Large amount of labor and capital are required are required the produced many be processed on the farm itself or in in nearby factories the development of transport network is thus essential for such farming

MAJOR PLANTATIONS ARE FOUND IN TROPICAL REGION OF THE WORLD . RUBBER IN MALAYSIA , COFFEE IN BRAZIL TEA IN INDIA AND SRI LANKA �

ORGANIC FARMING

• IN THIS TYPE OF FARMING, ORGANIC MANURE AND NATURAL PESTICIDES ARE USED INSTEAD OF CHEMICALS
• NO GENETIC MODIFICATION IS DONE TO INCREASE THE YIELD OF THE CROP

MAJOR FOOD CROPS

• WHEAT

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• MILLETS
• PULSES
• MAIZE
• RICE

FIBERS CROPS BEVERAGE CROPS

COTTON

JUTE

WHEAT

USES – Wheat is the second main food crop . Its husk is fed to animal .

Geographical requirement –

• Require moderate rainfall ( 50 to 75 cm) during growing season and bright sunshine at the time harvest .
• It grows best in well drained loamy soil .

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PRODUCING COUNTRIES �USA , CANADA , ARGENTINA , RUSSIA INDIA ETC .�IN INDIA IT IS GROWN IN WINTER SEASON .�

RICE

USES – It is a staple diet of people of tropical and sub tropical region .

Geographical requirement –

• Rice require high temperature (+25⁰C) high humidity
• High rainfall 100 to 200 cm
• It grows best in alluvial clayey soil , which can retain water.

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PRODUCING COUNTRIES – CHINA IS THE LARGEST PRODUCER OF RICE , FOLLOWED BY INDIA , SRI LANKA , JAPAN AND EGYPT�

MILLETS

• MILLETS IS THE NAME GIVEN TO COARSE GRAINS LIKE JOWAR, BAJRA AND RAGI
• IT IS USED AS FOOD AS WELL AS FODDER
• CAN BE GROWN IN LESS FERTILE SANDY SOILS
• NEED LOW RAINFALL (30 to 60cm) AND MODERATE TEMPERATURE.
• REQUIRES LESS FERTILE AND SANDY SOIL
• MAINLY GROWN IN INDIA, NIGERIA CHINA AND NIGER

MAIZE

• MAIZE IS ALSO KNOWN AS CORN OR MAKKKA
• IT HAS MANY COLOURFUL VARITIES IN THE WORLD
• FOR GROWTH IT REQUIRES MODERATE RAINFALL (50 TO 100 CM )AND TEMPERATURE (21⁰C-27⁰C)
• IT REQUIRES LOTS OF SUNSHINE DURING GROWTH
• IT NEEDS WELL DRAINED FERTILE ALLUVIAL SOIL

IT IS MAINLY GROWN IN NORTH AMERICA ,BRAZIL ,CHINA ,RUSSIA ,CANADA ,INDIA AND MEXICO�

COTTON

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• Cotton is used to produce clothes
• It is major raw material for the cotton textile industry .

Geographical requirements –

• High temperature more than 21⁰C
• high rainfall 50 -100cm
• 210 frost free days and bright sunshine are must during picking days
• Black and alluvial are best for its growth .

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PRODUCING COUNTRIES – �CHINA , USA , INDIA , PAKISTAN , BRAZIL AND EGYPT ARE THE LEADING PRODUCERS .�

IN INDIA IT IS MAINLY GROWN IN MAHARASHTRA AND GUJARAT

JUTE (GOLDEN FIBRE)

USES –

• It is used mainly to make cloth ,gunny bags ,ropes and mats
• The fibers are also woven into curtains, Chairs , carpets etc before obtaining the fibers it is kept in water to get decayed
• Geographical requirements –
• well –drained fertile alluvial soils is required
• jute requires 30⁰ C high temperature
• heavy rainfall near about 170 to 200 cm
• Hot and humid climate is required
• Grown mainly in tropical areas

PRODUCING COUNTRIES –�INDIA AND BANGLADESH ARE THE LEADING PRODUCERS OF JUTE

TEA

– It is a beverage crop grown on plantations

Geographical requirements –

• Frostfree ,Cool climate and well disturbed high rainfall (150 to 200 cm) through out the year is required for the growth of its tender leaves .
• Deep ,Well –drained loamy soil and gentle slopes.
• Large number of labor is required to pick the leaves .
• Processing with in tea garden

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PRODUCING COUNTRIES �KENYA, INDIA, CHINA, SRI LANKA , PRODUCES BEST QUALITY TEA IN THE WORLD

IN INDIA�ASSAM(JALPAIGURI) , TAMILNADU , KERALA ,DARJEELING�

COFFEE

• COFFEE REQUIRES WET AND WARM CLIMATE
• 150 TO 250 CM RAINFALL
• WELL DRAINED LOAMY SOIL IS REQUIRED FOR ITS PRODUTION
• HILL SLOPES ARE MORE SUITABLE FOR GROWTH

IT IS MAINLY CULTIVATED AS A PLANTATION CROP IN BRAZIL ,COLUMBIA AND INDIA�

THE CROPPING SEASON IN INDIA

THE GOVERNMENT INTRODUCED MODEM TECHNOLOGY INTO AGRICULTURE

• High yielding variety( HYV) of seeds
• Fertilizers
• Mechanization
• Improved irrigation and credit marketing facilities
• Intensive area development programme

FOOD SECURITY

• FOOD SECURITY EXISTS WHEN ALL THE PEOPLE AT ALL THE TIMES HAVE ACCESS TO SUFFICIENT SAFE AND NUTRITION FOOD TO MEET THEIR DIETARY NEEDS AND FOOD PREFERNCES FOR AN ACTIVE AND HEALTHY LIFE

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AGRICULTURE OF INDIA AND U.S.A

• AGRICULTURE PRACTICE IN INDIA
• Size of farm is very small about (1.5 hectares)
• 30 TO 35% OF THE POPULATION IS INVOLED IN FARMING IN INDIA
• All family members help in various agriculturel activities. Production is for self usage and hardly there is any surplus

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AGRICULTURE PRACTICE IN U.S.A

• SIZE OF FARM IS VERY LARGE (ABOUT 200-500 HECTARES)
• LESS THAN 3% OF US POPULATION IS INVOLVED IN FARMING
• ABOUT 40 % OF THE LAND IN US IS USED FOR AGRICULTUREOF SOME FORM INCLUDING LIVESTOCK GRAZING
• EXTENSIVE TYPE OF FARMING IS PRACTICED WHERE YIELD PER ACRE IS LOW BUT THE YIELD PER WORKER IS

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CROPS

• MAINLY FOOD CROPS ALONG WITH OTHER RELATED ACTIVITIES WHEAT, RICE, MILLET ,PULSES ETC

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• SPECISLIZED FARMING LIKE CORN SOYABEAN WHEAT ,COTTON ETC
• THE LARGEST SINGLE CROP WAS CORN WHICH ACCOUNTED FOR MORE THAN HALF OF THE NATIONS CROP

ENVIORMENT ISSUES

• USE OF FERTILIZERS HYV SEEDS AND IRRIGATION
• THE FARMER TAKE ADVICE OF HIS FRIENDS AND ELDERS AS WELL AS GOVERNMENT AGRICULTURAL OFFICERS REGARDING FARMING PRACTICES

• PYSICAL FACTORS ARE LESS IMPORTANT
• EXPENSIVE MODERN IRRIGATION FACILITIES ARE USED CHEMICAL FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES WHEREVER THEY ARE REQUIRED
• CROP SENSORS,AGRICULTURAL ROBOTS,ARE USED

ECONOMIC CONDITION

• LACK OF GOOD TRANSPORT ,COMMMUNICATION OR EVEN STORAGE FACILITIES thus sell their product in the local market

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• BETTER FACILITIES AND PROSPEROUS
• PROGRESSS IN TECHNOLOGY AND CROP YIELDS HAS MADE THE US AMONG THE MOST PRODUCTIVE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS

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HUMAN FACTORS

• WORK AS FARM LABOUR MANY DEPENDENT ON THIS ACTIVITY
• TAKES A TRACTOR ON RENT OR USING BULLOCKS FOR PLOUGHING HIS FIELD

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• WORK AS BUSINESS PERSON NOT A FARMER
• THE OWNERS OF LARGER FARMS MAKE USE OF MODERN MACHINERY AND OTHER EQUIPMENT

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• USES TRACTORS ,SEED DRILLS LEVELLER, COMBINED HARVESTER AND THRESHER TO PERFORM VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS
• A GRAINS ARE STORED IN THE AUTOMATED GRAIN STORAGE OR DESPATCHED TOMARKET AGENCIES

U.S.A