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Applying Library Science Models to the Arrangement of Language Collections

Hugh Paterson Ⅲ & Sergio I. Coronado. 2025. Applying Library Science Models to the Arrangement of Language Collections. Paper presented at the 9th International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation (ICLDC). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. March 6th–9th. Presentation slides Copyright 2025 by the authors. Licensed: CC-SA-ND.

Hugh Paterson III

&

Sergio I. Coronado

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Outline

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Context & Relation

Problem Statement

LS Models/Examples

Benefits of Models

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About Us

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Hugh J. Paterson III

University of North Texas �& Institute for Advanced Study

hugh4.us

University of North Texas�& Texas A&M University www.sic.bio

Sergio I. Coronado

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Context

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Stemmed from

Institute of Museum & Library Services

(IMLS) Project

(partial sponsorship)

Grant no.

RE-254860-OLS-23

Allowed for �the development of the LAMlangArc Training Project

ci.unt.edu/

lamlangarctraining

Contributed to open-access course modules (presentations, readings, etc.)

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How LS Models Relate to Language

The course includes preparation of future information professionals on applying library science models when working with language collections

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This project-developed course helps fill that gap using content from professional readings and existing online language archiving training programs (ELDP, AFF, CoDA).

Limited awareness and training about digital language archives in Libraries, Archives, Museums (LAM) education programs at universities in the United States.

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Problem Statement

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How can existing LS models developed by LAM be applied to language documentation resources for curation in digital repositories to support discovery and use?

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Library Science Models

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3 models used to support arranging cultural heritage collections

Conceptual Entity-Relationship Framework �(focuses more on resource relationships)

IFLA-LRM

Data Content �Standard �(guides the building of entity-relationships)

RDA

Entity Levels for Bibliographic Description �(supports the making of relationships)

WEMI

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WEMI Model Focus

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Focusing on WEMI mainly as it serves as the foundation within the other library science models for creating groups of resources based on their relationships to each other.

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WEMI Definitions and Relations

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Language Resource WEMI Example

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The Conceptual Content

Work

A Specific Realization Form of the Work

Expression

Two copies in different collections

Item

Individual physical/digital copy of the manifestation within a collection

Manifestation

Recorded video on film/.mov (file format)

Physical or Digital Form of Expression

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Hugh’s Part

Play Video

10 mins (8:45-19:56)

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Examples of Types of Works, Expressions, and Manifestations

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Reasons for designating language resource as a new type of

Expression

  • Whole
  • Portion
  • Translation
  • Trans-media’d

Work

  • Monographic Works
  • Compilations
  • Composite works (edited volumes)

Manifestation

  • High quality audio capture (source)
  • Compressed �version (distribution)

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WEMI Application

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Some examples of how WEMI would be applied

For two common relationship types

Part-Whole

Collection of Whole Units

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Aggregate Works

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  • Edited Volume
  • CD with several Tracks
  • DVD with several episodes

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Application to Language Resources

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Some examples of how WEMI would be applied to records

For two scenarios

Legacy Audio Recording

which has been digitized

Audio Recording

with an accompanying transcript.

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Language Documentation Example 1

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Transcriptions & Annotations

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Work or Expression?

Transcription

Based on WEMI-based Models

Annotation

Highly likely a New Work because of the analysis going into the transcription system. Minimally a New Expression.

New Work

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Language Documentation Example 2

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Language Archives Examples

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Digitization

Physical Carrier & �Digital Surrogate

Portion

(Part-Whole) Chapter in edited volume, video segment

Annotation

PoS Annotation

IPA Transcription

Free Translation

Applying WEMI to different types of language resources

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Digitization Example—Kaipuleohone

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  • Format is described in descriptive metadata record as “Maxell UR 60 min cassette”
  • What is offered are .wav and .mp3 files

  • MIXED METADATA

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Portion Example—UNT Digital Library

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  • Is Side B a part of Side A?
  • UNTL descriptive metadata does not specify record scope.
  • End-user display of UNTL metadata says .wav
  • METS metadata points to .mp3
  • MIXED METADATA

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Annotation Example—SIL International

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  • Descriptive metadata states that video is the nature of work – contradicts with ELAN Text in Extent field

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Benefits

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Adoption of LS models for language resources can help improve

Discovery Services

More consistency of relationships within and across archives

Metadata Compatibility

Within library-operated repositories which often host language archives

Citation/ Referencing

More persistent identifiers for better citation capabilities

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THE END

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Questions/Thoughts

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Feel free also to check out our project website

ci.unt.edu/lamlangarctraining

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References

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Burke, Mary, and Oksana L. Zavalina. 2019. “Exploration of Information Organization in Language Archives.” Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology 56 (1): 364–67. doi:10.1002/pra2.30.

Coyle, Karen. 2022. “Works, Expressions, Manifestations, Items: An Ontology.” The Code4Lib Journal 53 (May). https://journal.code4lib.org/articles/16491.

Huber, Christian. 2023. “Why It Can Be Difficult to Make Historic Language Recordings Accessible: A View from a Corpus of Historic Dialect Recordings.” In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Digital Language Archives: LangArc-2023, edited by Oksana L. Zavalina and Shobhana Lakshmi Chelliah, 15–18. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas. doi:10.12794/langarc2114302.

Johnson, Heidi. 2002. “The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America: Goals and Visions.” In . Las Palmas, Spain: European Language Resources Association. https://www.mpi.nl/lrec/2002/program.html.

Paterson III, Hugh J. 2021a. “Language Archive Records:  Interoperability of Referencing Practices and Metadata Models.” M.A. Thesis, Grand Forks, North Dakota: University of North Dakota. Theses and Dissertations. 3937. University of North Dakota Scholarly Commons. https://commons.und.edu/theses/3937.

———. 2021b. “Audio Artifacts in Language Archives: From Cataloguing to Referencing and Citation.” Presentation Abstract & Video presented at the 2021 Conference of the International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives: Closing the gap for a new generation of sound and audiovisual archives, Online, September 27. https://hughandbecky.us/Hugh-CV/talk/2021-audio-artifacts-in-language-archives/.

Riva, Pat, Patrick Le Bœuf, and Maja Žumer, eds. 2017. IFLA Library Reference Model: A Conceptual Model for Bibliographic Information. December 2017. Den Haag, Netherlands: International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). https://www.ifla.org/publications/node/11412.