Lectures On:

Operating System Concepts

��Department of �Computer Science and Engineering�www.cse.ugv.edu.bd, 874/322, C&B Road, Barisal, Bangladesh.� 

University of Global Village (UGV)

Barishal, Bangladesh

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Lectures By��Md. Tariqul Islam�Lecturer & Coordinator

�Mobile: +880-1842733104 �Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com�Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Operating System

• The operating system is a system program that serves as an interface between the computing system and the end-user.
• Operating systems create an environment where the user can run any programs or communicate with software or applications in a comfortable and well-organized way.

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Operating System

• Furthermore, an operating is a software program that manages and controls the execution of application programs, software resources and computer hardware.

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Operating System:

• It also helps manage the software/hardware resource, such as file management, memory management, input/ output and many peripheral devices like a disk drive, printers, etc. These are the popular operating system: Linux OS, Windows OS, Mac OS, VMS, OS/400 etc.

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Operating System:

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Examples of Common Operating Systems

• Desktop and Laptop OS:
• Windows (Windows 10, 11), Linux (Ubuntu, Fedora, CentOS).
• Server OS:
• Examples: Windows Server, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, FreeBSD.
• NAS OS (Network Attached Storage OS):
• Examples: FreeNAS, TrueNAS, Synology DSM, QNAP QTS.
• Mobile OS:
• Android, iOS.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Key Functions of an OS:

• Processor management
• Act as a Resource Manager
• Memory Management
• File Management
• Security
• Device Management
• Input devices / Output devices
• Deadlock Prevention
• Time Management
• Coordinate with system software or hardware
• Provides a user interface (UI) and controls peripheral devices.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Types of Operating System

• Batch Operating System
• Multiprogramming Operating System
• Multitasking/Time-Sharing Operating System
• Multiprocessing Operating System
• Embedded Operating System
• Real-Time Operating System
• Distributed Operating System
• Network Operating System

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Batch Operating System

• In Batch Operating System, there is no direct interaction between user and computer.
• Therefore, the user needs to prepare jobs and save offline mode to punch card or paper tape or magnetic tape.
• After creating the jobs, hand it over to the computer operator; then the operator sort or creates the similar types of batches like B2, B3, and B4.
• Now, the computer operator submits batches into the CPU to execute the jobs one by one.
• After that, CPUs start executing jobs, and when all jobs are finished, the computer operator provides the output to the user.

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Multiprogramming Operating System

• Due to the CPU's underutilization and the waiting for I/O resource till that CPU remains idle.
• It shows the improper use of system resources.
• Hence, the operating system introduces a new concept that is known as multiprogramming.
• A multiprogramming operating system refers to the concepts wherein two or more processes or programs activate simultaneously to execute the processes one after another by the same computer system. When a program is in run mode and uses CPU, another program or file uses I/O resources at the same time or waiting for another system resources to become available.
• It improves the use of system resources, thereby increasing system throughput.
• Such a system is known as a multiprogramming operating system.

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Multiprogramming Operating System

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Time-Sharing Operating System

• It is the type of operating system that allows us to connect many people located at different locations to share and use a specific system at a single time.
• The time-sharing operating system is the logical extension of the multiprogramming through which users can run multiple tasks concurrently.
• Furthermore, it provides each user his terminal for input or output that impacts the program or processor currently running on the system.
• It represents the CPU's time is shared between many user processes. Or, the processor's time that is shared between multiple users simultaneously termed as time-sharing.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Time-Sharing Operating System

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Embedded Operating System

• The Embedded operating system is the specific purpose operating system used in the computer system's embedded hardware configuration.
• These operating systems are designed to work on dedicated devices like automated teller machines (ATMs), airplane systems, digital home assistants, and the internet of things (IoT) devices.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Embedded Operating System

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Multiprocessing Operating System

• It is the type of operating system that refers to using two or more central processing units (CPU) in a single computer system.
• However, these multiprocessor systems or parallel operating systems are used to increase the computer system's efficiency.
• With the use of a multiprocessor system, they share computer bus, clock, memory and input or output device for concurrent execution of process or program and resource management in the CPU.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Real-Time Operating System

• A real-time operating system is an important type of operating system used to provide services and data processing resources for applications in which the time interval required to process & respond to input/output should be so small without any delay real-time system.
• For example, real-life situations governing an automatic car, traffic signal, nuclear reactor or an aircraft require an immediate response to complete tasks within a specified time delay.
• Hence, a real-time operating system must be fast and responsive for an embedded system, weapon system, robots, scientific research & experiments and various real-time objects.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Types of the real-time operating system:

• Hard Real-Time System�These types of OS are used with those required to complete critical tasks within the defined time limit. If the response time is high, it is not accepted by the system or may face serious issues like a system failure. In a hard real-time system, the secondary storage is either limited or missing, so these system stored data in the ROM.
• Soft Real-Time System�A soft real-time system is a less restrictive system that can accept software and hardware resources delays by the operating system. In a soft real-time system, a critical task prioritizes less important tasks, and that priority retains active until completion of the task. Also, a time limit is set for a specific job, which enables short time delays for further tasks that are acceptable. For example, computer audio or video, virtual reality, reservation system, projects like undersea, etc.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Distributed Operating system

• A distributed operating system provides an environment in which multiple independent CPU or processor communicates with each other through physically separate computational nodes.
• Each node contains specific software that communicates with the global aggregate operating system.
• With the ease of a distributed system, the programmer or developer can easily access any operating system and resource to execute the computational tasks and achieve a common goal.
• It is the extension of a network operating system that facilitates a high degree of connectivity to communicate with other users over the network.�

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Distributed Operating System

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Network Operating System

• A network operating system is an important category of the operating system that operates on a server using network devices like a switch, router, or firewall to handle data, applications and other network resources.
• It provides connectivity among the autonomous operating system, called as a network operating system.
• The network operating system is also useful to share data, files, hardware devices and printer resources among multiple computers to communicate with each other.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Network Operating System

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Types of network operating system�

• Peer-to-peer network operating system: The type of network operating system allows users to share files, resources between two or more computer machines using a LAN.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Types of network operating system

• Client-Server network operating system: It is the type of network operating system that allows the users to access resources, functions, and applications through a common server or center hub of the resources. The client workstation can access all resources that exist in the central hub of the network. Multiple clients can access and share different types of the resource over the network from different locations.�

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Generations of Operating System

• The First Generation (1940 to early 1950s)
• When the first electronic computer was developed in 1940, it was created without any operating system. In early times, users have full access to the computer machine and write a program for each task in absolute machine language. The programmer can perform and solve only simple mathematical calculations during the computer generation, and this calculation does not require an operating system.
• The Second Generation (1955 - 1965)
• The first operating system (OS) was created in the early 1950s and was known as GMOS. General Motors has developed OS for the IBM computer. The second-generation operating system was based on a single stream batch processing system because it collects all similar jobs in groups or batches and then submits the jobs to the operating system using a punch card to complete all jobs in a machine. At each completion of jobs (either normally or abnormally), control transfer to the operating system that is cleaned after completing one job and then continues to read and initiates the next job in a punch card. After that, new machines were called mainframes, which were very big and used by professional operators

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Generations of Operating System

• The Third Generation (1965 - 1980)
• During the late 1960s, operating system designers were very capable of developing a new operating system that could simultaneously perform multiple tasks in a single computer program called multiprogramming. The introduction of multiprogramming plays a very important role in developing operating systems that allow a CPU to be busy every time by performing different tasks on a computer at the same time. During the third generation, there was a new development of minicomputer's phenomenal growth starting in 1961 with the DEC PDP-1. These PDP's leads to the creation of personal computers in the fourth generation.

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Generations of Operating System

• The Fourth Generation (1980 - Present Day)
• The fourth generation of operating systems is related to the development of the personal computer. However, the personal computer is very similar to the minicomputers that were developed in the third generation. The cost of a personal computer was very high at that time; there were small fractions of minicomputers costs. A major factor related to creating personal computers was the birth of Microsoft and the Windows operating system. Microsoft created the first window operating system in 1975. After introducing the Microsoft Windows OS, Bill Gates and Paul Allen had the vision to take personal computers to the next level. Therefore, they introduced the MS-DOS in 1981; however, it was very difficult for the person to understand its cryptic commands. Today, Windows has become the most popular and most commonly used operating system technology. And then, Windows released various operating systems such as Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows XP and the latest operating system, Windows 7. Currently, most Windows users use the Windows 10 operating system. Besides the Windows operating system, Apple is another popular operating system built in the 1980s, and this operating system was developed by Steve Jobs, a co-founder of Apple. They named the operating system Macintosh OS or Mac OS.

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Advantages of Operating System

• It is helpful to monitor and regulate resources.
• It can easily operate since it has a basic graphical user interface to communicate with your device.
• It is used to create interaction between the users and the computer application or hardware.
• The performance of the computer system is based on the CPU.
• The response time and throughput time of any process or program are fast.
• It can share different resources like fax, printer, etc.
• It also offers a forum for various types of applications like system and web application.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Disadvantage of the Operating System

• It allows only a few tasks that can run at the same time.
• It any error occurred in the operating system; the stored data can be destroyed.
• It is a very difficult task or works for the OS to provide entire security from the viruses because any threat or virus can occur at any time in a system.
• An unknown user can easily use any system without the permission of the original user.
• The cost of operating system costs is very high.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Installing an Operating System: Practical Steps

• Step-by-Step Guide to Install OS (Windows/Linux)
• Prerequisites:
• ISO File: Download the ISO file of the OS from its official website (e.g., Microsoft, Ubuntu).
• Bootable USB Tool: Download and install Rufus or another bootable USB creator tool.
• Creating a Bootable USB:
• Open Rufus and select the downloaded ISO file.
• Insert a USB flash drive and select it in Rufus.
• Configure settings (e.g., partition scheme) and click Start to make the USB bootable.

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Installing an Operating System: Practical Steps

• Installing the OS:
• Insert Bootable USB into the computer and restart.
• Enter the BIOS/UEFI settings (usually by pressing F2, F12, or Del).
• Set the USB as the primary boot device and restart.
• Follow the on-screen prompts:
• Choose language, time zone, and keyboard layout.
• Select Installation Type (e.g., fresh install, upgrade).
• Partition the drive as necessary (be cautious if there’s existing data).
• Proceed with the installation. This may take some time.
• Post-Installation Setup:
• Configure basic settings (user accounts, network settings).
• Install drivers and updates if necessary.
• Set up any necessary software or tools (for labs, programming tools, etc.).

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

Dual-Boot Setup:

• Dual-booting allows a computer to have two operating systems installed on the same machine, providing the option to select which OS to load at startup. Here’s a step-by-step guide for setting up a dual-boot system, commonly done with Windows and a Linux distribution.

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

How to Set Up Dual-Boot: Windows and Linux

• 1. Prepare for Installation
• Backup Your Data: Before proceeding, back up all important files. Dual-booting can affect partitions, and data loss is possible if not done carefully.
• Check Disk Space: Ensure you have enough space on your hard drive for both OSes. Linux generally requires at least 20 GB, though 50 GB is recommended for better performance.
• 2. Create Installation Media
• Download ISO Files: Download the Linux ISO file (e.g., Ubuntu, Fedora) from its official website.
• Create a Bootable USB for Linux:
• Use Rufus or another bootable USB creator to make a Linux bootable USB.
• Follow the tool’s prompts to select the ISO and configure the bootable drive.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

How to Set Up Dual-Boot: Windows and Linux

• 3. Partition Your Hard Drive in WindowsOpen Disk Management in Windows (press Win + R, type diskmgmt.msc, and press Enter).Shrink Volume to make space for Linux:Right-click your main partition (usually C:) and select Shrink Volume.Specify the amount of space to shrink (e.g., 50 GB or more) and click Shrink. This will create unallocated space.

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

How to Set Up Dual-Boot: Windows and Linux

• 4. Boot from the Linux USB
• Restart Your Computer and enter the BIOS/UEFI settings (typically by pressing F2, F12, or Del during startup).
• Set the USB Drive as the primary boot device and restart.
• Your computer should now boot into the Linux installation setup.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

How to Set Up Dual-Boot: Windows and Linux

• 5. Install Linux Alongside Windows
• When prompted, choose the installation type Install Linux alongside Windows or Something Else (manual partitioning).
• If you selected Something Else:
• Select the unallocated space created in step 3.
• Create the following partitions:
• Root (/): Allocate around 20-30 GB (ext4 format).
• Swap (optional): Allocate space equal to your RAM size (useful if you have limited RAM).
• Home (/home): Allocate the remaining space for personal files and settings.
• Confirm your partition choices and proceed with installation.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

How to Set Up Dual-Boot: Windows and Linux

• 6. Complete the Installation
• Continue through the installation steps, setting up your user account and other settings.
• Once the installation completes, remove the USB drive and restart the computer.
• 7. Select OS at Boot with GRUB
• On reboot, you’ll see the GRUB bootloader screen. GRUB allows you to choose which OS to boot.
• Use the arrow keys to select either Windows or Linux and press Enter.

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Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd

“Thank You”

Lectures By Md. Tariqul Islam, Lecturer & Coordinator, Dept. of CSE, UGV, Email: tariq.ugv@gmail.com, Web: www.tariqul.ugv.edu.bd