见树又见林:东南亚研究中的�比较逻辑与理想类型
王昭晖
国际关系学院/南洋研究院
厦门大学
2022年3月20日
内容
飞行员、林中人与缩略地图
——摩尔《专制与民主的社会起源:现代世界形成过程中的地主和农民》
我们能从特殊走向一般吗?
——贾雷德·戴蒙德和詹姆斯·A.罗宾逊《历史的自然实验》
1.为什么比较?
- 李普塞特(Lipset):“只懂得一个国家的人,基本上什么国家都不懂”(A person who knows only one country basically knows no country well)。
- 前者是科学(包括自科和社科)的根本任务,后者是人类学的关切;历史学家有分野(究天人之际,通古今之变vs. 人不能两次踏进同一条河流),区域国别学者同样有此分野。
Generalized vs. ad hoc
(1)Marx’s historical materialism
(2)Weber’s sociology of religion
(3)牛顿力学到狭义相对论
More importantly,
- 求异法/最具相似性系统(most similar system)
- 求同法/最具差异性系统(most different system)
- 一般认为求异法优于求同法,求异法是证明的逻辑,求同法是证伪的逻辑(求同法的实质是排除法)。
一系列拷问心灵的问题随之而来
- 基督教 vs. 儒教/道教可比吗?(Max Weber)
- 春秋战国时代中国 vs. 近现代欧洲可比吗?(Victoria Tin-bor Hui)
- 中国vs西方可比吗?(Joseph Needham)
- 世界各大文明可比吗?(Jared Diamond)
拷问心灵的问题(续)
- 理想类型
2.理想类型
例子:赵鼎新的合法性理论
例子:曼(Michael Mann)的国家能力
| Infrastructural power (state through society) | ||
Low | High | ||
Despotic power (state over society) | Low | Feudal | Democracy |
High | Imperial | Authoritarian | |
理想类型与区域研究
- 社会科学的发展是一个理想类型更替的过程(库恩),在这一过程中对于区域的认识和理解也得到积累。
- 区分“价值联系”(value reference)和“价值判断”(value judgment)
- “价值联系”之后的经验研究要努力保持客观性,即“价值中立”(value neutrality)或者“价值自由”(value free)
3.如何比较?
- 中介性机制分析(intervening mechanism analysis): 过程追踪(process tracing)和案例内分析(within-case analysis)
- 时序分析(temporal analysis): path dependency, initial conditions, contingent event, critical juncture, self-reinforcement, sequencing, duration, timing
个案比较
少案例比较
多案例比较
一些东南亚比较研究的例子
一些明显很boring的例子
4.一个东南亚研究的例子
- Sovereignty issue
- Connectivity is a double-edged sword.
- Short-term vs. long-term calculations (democracies vs. authoritarians)
Theorizing BRI policy making and implementation
China’s Belt and Road Initiative
Perception
Decision making
Policy implementation
Leader images
Domestic institutions
State-society relations
International outcomes
A conceptual typology of foreign policy making
| Foreign policy making is insulated from or responsive to political oppositions and societal influences | ||
Insulated | Responsive | ||
Foreign policy making is a personalized or an institutionalized process | Personalized | Arbitrary type | Populist type |
Institutionalized | Procedural type | Democratic type | |
An explanatory typology of socio-political risks on BRI projects
| Foreign policy making is insulated from or responsive to political oppositions and societal influences | ||
Insulated | Responsive | ||
Foreign policy making is a personalized or an institutionalized process | Personalized | Medium-level | High-level |
Institutionalized | Low-level | Medium-level | |
From idea types to empirical cases
4.1 Political risk on BRI projects in Malaysia
- Government to government meetings and negotiations
- No open tender: lack of transparency and competition
- No feasibility and cost-benefit study
- Najib’s corruption and rent seeking: 1MDB
4.2 Societal risk on BRI projects in Indonesia
Indonesia’s politics responsive to society
4.3 Socio-political risks on BRI projects in Philippines
- Build, Build, Build (BBB)
4.4 Singapore-China BRI cooperation
Infrastructure Asia
Main findings
| Foreign policy making is insulated from or responsive to political oppositions and societal influences | ||
| Insulated | Responsive | |
Foreign policy making is a personalized or institutionalized process | Personalized | Medium level of political risks on BRI projects in Malaysia | Relatively high level of socio-political risks on BRI projects in Philippines |
Institutionalized | Relatively low level of risks on Singapore-China BRI cooperation | Medium level of societal risks on BRI projects in Indonesia | |
5.结语
- 理想类型
-王昭晖:《重新找回韦伯: 区域研究与社会科学的融合与发展》,《国际关系研究》,即刊。
- Zhaohui Wang and Yuheng Fu, “Local politics and fluctuating engagement with China: Analysing the Belt and Road Initiative in Maritime Southeast Asia”, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, forthcoming.