VERSION 8-2017

Topics

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1. Presentation Sources
2. About This Presentation
3. What is an Active Shooter?
4. Response by Individuals to Active Shooters
5. How to Recognize and Assess and Active Shooter
6. Evacuate
7. Helping Others to Evacuate
8. Helping Others Who are Injured
9. Hide Out
10. Take Action against the Active Shooter
11. How to Respond when Law Enforcement Arrives
12. Calling 911
13. Pay Attention, Notice and Report
14. Exercises

Sources for this Presentation

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“How To Respond When An Active Shooter Is In Your Vicinity”

– Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

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“NRF-ICSC Emergency Response Protocols to Active Shooters”

– National Retail Federation (NRF) and

International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC)

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“Active Shooter Preparedness – Presentation Study Guide”

- Allied Universal

Attributed quotes from the DHS and NRF-ICSC sources will be highlighted text boxes.

What is an Active Shooter?

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According to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, an Active Shooter is:

• An individual actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a confined and populated area;
• In most cases, active shooters use firearms(s) and
• There is no pattern or method to their selection of victims.

Active shooter situations are unpredictable and evolve quickly.

Typically, the immediate deployment of law enforcement is required to stop the shooting and mitigate harm to victims.

Because active shooter situations are often over within 10 to 15 minutes, before law enforcement arrives on the scene, individuals must be prepared both mentally and physically to deal with an active shooter situation.

(Source: NRF-ICSC Emergency Response Protocols to Active Shooters)

Response by Individuals to Active Shooters

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Basic guidelines for individuals present during an active shooting incident (are):

• Assess the situation
• React
1. Evacuate
2. Hide Out/Shelter in Place
3. Take Action
• Call 911 when it is safe to do so.

(Source: NRF-ICSC Emergency Response Protocols to Active Shooters)

• Evacuation should always be the priority.
• Other reaction options are employed when evacuation is not feasible.

How to Recognize and Assess and Active Shooter Situation

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You may first realize an active shooter situation is occurring by:

• Hearing gunfire.

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• Observing a subject with guns.

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• Seeing or hearing the panic of crowds fleeing the incident.

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ASSESS THE SITUATION – Determine the most reasonable way to protect your own life. Customers are most likely to follow the lead of in-store associates and management during an active shooter situation. Do not endanger your safety or the safety of others.

(Source: NRF-ICSC Emergency Response Protocols to Active Shooters)

How to Recognize and Assess and Active Shooter Situation

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 Because active shooter situations happen suddenly and progress rapidly:

1. Act immediately.

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1. Do not wait for an emergency notification (none will be coming) or delay by attempting to verify what is occurring.

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1. Very briefly, attempt to determine where the situation is occurring.

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1. Very briefly, attempt to determine how close by the situation is.

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1. Make decisions regarding your evacuation route or other options based upon your observations.

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Evacuate

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The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) active shooter guidelines regarding evacuation state:

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If there is an accessible escape path, attempt to evacuate the premises. Be sure to:

• Have an escape route and plan in mind
• Evacuate regardless of whether others agree to follow
• Leave your belongings behind
• Help others escape, if possible
• Prevent individuals from entering an area where the active shooter may be
• Keep your hands visible
• Follow the instructions of any police officers
• Do not attempt to move wounded people
• Call 911 when you are safe

(Source: DHS “How To Respond When An Active Shooter Is In Your Vicinity”)

Evacuate

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The NRF (National Retail Federation)/ICSC (International Council of Shopping Centers) Active Shooters Response Protocols state:

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• If the shooter is in the store, and it is safe to do so, evacuate the store.

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• Have an escape route and plan in mind and leave your belongings behind.

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• Keep hands visible so it is clear to first responders that you are not armed.

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• Run away from the sound, putting as much distance between you and the shooter as possible.

• Go to pre-established company meeting spot.

(Source: NRF-ICSC Emergency Response Protocols to Active Shooters)

Evacuate

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1. Make evacuation your first priority.
2. The goal of evacuating is to put as much distance between you and active shooter as possible and, hopefully, exit the facility to find a safer location.
3. Leave belongings behind. Do not go back for purses, bags, coats, car keys, or, even, to secure cash registers.
4. Stay alert. Be prepared to change plans based on changing conditions.
5. If necessary, combine hiding momentarily or temporarily (cover [offers ballistic protection], concealment [will hide you]) in order to avoid the active shooter as part of a step by step evacuation. However, a rapid evacuation is best, if possible: do not delay.
6. You might use your store to aid evacuation by closing and securing the gate and exiting, if feasible, through a back door.

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Helping Others to Evacuate

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While evacuating, you likely will encounter others reacting to the incident.

1. Your first objective is your own safety.

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1. Help others only if you can do so without jeopardizing your own safety.

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1. Warn others, “There is an active shooter, get out!” while moving along your evacuation route.

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1. If you are closing your store gate, offer shelter to those nearby but don’t delay securing your store.

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1. If people pause too long to coordinate initial efforts, it helps the active shooter.

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Helping Others Who are Injured

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During an active shooter situation, you might encounter people who are injured.

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1. If it will result in the active shooter being better able to attack you, do not stop your evacuation to provide first aid to injured people.

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1. If you are helping an injured person, realize that the usual process of emergency medical response might not happen, especially if there are numerous injuries.

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1. Make decisions regarding assisting injured persons with these considerations in mind; but do not jeopardize your own safety doing so.

Hide Out

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Your first priority during an active shooter situation should be to evacuate rapidly.

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1. However, in some circumstances you might find you must hide out either as one of the steps of evacuating or instead of evacuating.

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1. When hiding out, be aware that just because a wall or other building feature conceals you, it does not mean that it provides effective cover from fired rounds.

• Concealment – Prevents the active shooter from seeing you but does not stop fired rounds. Examples of concealment include glass windows, many wooden doors, interior walls made of drywall, store gates, desks, store counters.

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• Effective Cover – Stops fired rounds from penetrating. Examples of effective cover include cinder block walls or brick walls.

Hide Out

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If you decide the best course of action is to remain in your store with your front gate closed and/or locked, do not believe that you are then completely safe from rounds.

• Do not stand in a spot in your store where rounds fired through your store front will easily strike you.
• An active shooter, seeing the store gate closed, might guess people are hiding in the store and fire into it through the store front or gate.
• Even though you might be locked in your store, be quiet and do nothing to alert the active shooter that you are within or where you might be within.
• Try to find the best effective cover (a barrier that will stop fired rounds from penetrating) in your store and go there immediately.
• Try to find effective cover that is also a secured shelter, able to be locked and barricaded against the active shooter.
• Help others in your store, both employees and shoppers, to find effective cover/shelter.

Hide Out

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The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) active shooter guidelines for hiding out state:

If evacuation is not possible, find a place to hide where the active shooter is less likely to find you.

Your hiding place should:

• Be out of the active shooter’s view

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• Provide protection if shots are fired in your direction (i.e., an office with a closed and locked door)

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• Not trap you or restrict your options for movement

(Source: DHS “How To Respond When An Active Shooter Is In Your Vicinity”)

Hide Out

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The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) active shooter guidelines for hiding out state:

To prevent an active shooter from entering your hiding place:

• Lock the door
• Blockade the door with heavy furniture

If the active shooter is nearby:

• Lock the door
• Silence your cell phone and/or pager
• Turn off any source of noise (i.e., radios, televisions)
• Hide behind large items (i.e., cabinets, desks)
• Remain quiet

(Source: DHS “How To Respond When An Active Shooter Is In Your Vicinity”)

Hide Out

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The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) active shooter guidelines for hiding out state:

If evacuation and hiding out are not possible:

• Remain calm
• Dial 911, if possible, to alert police to the active shooter’s location
• If you cannot speak, leave the line open and allow the dispatcher to listen

(Source: DHS “How To Respond When An Active Shooter Is In Your Vicinity”)

Hide Out

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The NRF (National Retail Federation)/ICSC (International Council of Shopping Centers) Active Shooters Response Protocols state:

• HIDE OUT/SHELER IN PLACE - Stay hidden if possible and away from windows and exterior doors.

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• Take staff and customers to the back area, away from exposure to glass and the mall common area or the outside area.

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• Go to a secure stockroom, office, emergency stairwells, utility closet, mall corridors, etc. Block entry to your hiding place and lock the doors.

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• KEEP SAFE – Stay inside your Store, unless instructed to do otherwise by the police officials or other local authorities.

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• Do NOT open the door for anyone that cannot provide you with appropriate first responder/security identification and/or show you a badge.

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(Source: NRF-ICSC Emergency Response Protocols to Active Shooters)

Take Action against the Active Shooter

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1. If other strategies (evacuate, hide out) are not available or fail and you encounter an active shooter, then take action against the active shooter directly in order to save yourself.
2. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) guidelines for taking action against the active shooter state:

As a last resort, and only when your life is in imminent danger, attempt to disrupt and/or incapacitate the active shooter by:

• Acting as aggressively as possible against him/her
• Throwing items and improvising weapons
• Yelling
• Committing to your actions

(Source: DHS “How To Respond When An Active Shooter Is In Your Vicinity”)

Take Action against the Active Shooter

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Improvised weapons might include:

• A fire extinguisher
• A large board or piece of wood (e.g., a 2 x 4)
• A metal pole, perhaps part of a clothes rack
• A toilet’s heavy ceramic reservoir cover
• A knife from a store kitchen
• Scissors from a desk

Take Action against the Active Shooter

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In the extreme circumstance of having to take action against an active shooter, think of the following:

1. Attack as hard and as intensely as you can. For instance, if you are using an improvised weapon to strike the active shooter, hit with all your strength and do so repeatedly until the active shooter is incapacitated (no longer conscious or moving).

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1. Be ready to take action. If you are hiding out and even if you are behind a locked door, find an improvised weapon and hold it in readiness to attack.

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1. If you are hiding out with other people, encourage and help everyone to find and make ready an improvised weapon.

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1. Multiple people attacking the active shooter with improvised weapons together might be more effective than just one person or one person at a time doing so.

Run - Hide - Fight SURVIVING AN ACTIVE SHOOTER

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How to Respond when Law Enforcement Arrives

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The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) guidelines for how to respond when law enforcement arrives state:

Law enforcement’s purpose is to stop the active shooter as soon as possible. Officers will proceed directly to the area in which the last shots were heard.

• Officers usually arrive in teams of four (4)

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• Officers may wear regular patrol uniforms or external bulletproof vests, Kevlar helmets, and other tactical equipment

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• Officers may be armed with rifles, shotguns, handguns

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• Officers may use pepper spray or tear gas to control the situation
• Officers may shout commands, and may push individuals to the ground for their safety

(Source: DHS “How To Respond When An Active Shooter Is In Your Vicinity”)

How to Respond when Law Enforcement Arrives

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The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) guidelines for how to respond when law enforcement arrives state:

• Remain calm, and follow officers’ instructions
• Put down any items in your hands (i.e., bags, jackets)
• Immediately raise hands and spread fingers
• Keep hands visible at all times
• Avoid making quick movements toward officers such as holding on to them for safety
• Avoid pointing, screaming and/or yelling
• Do not stop to ask officers for help or direction when evacuating, just proceed in the direction from which officers are entering the premises

(Source: DHS “How To Respond When An Active Shooter Is In Your Vicinity”)

Calling 911

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The Department of Homeland Security guidelines for calling 911 during an active shooter state:

• (When evacuating), “Call 911 when you are safe.”
• “If evacuation and hiding are not possible…Dial 911, if possible, to alert police to the active shooter’s location. If you cannot speak, leave the line open and allow the dispatcher to listen.”

(Source: DHS “How To Respond When An Active Shooter Is In Your Vicinity”)

Calling 911

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The National Retail Federation (NRF)/International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC) Active Shooter Protocols state:

Call 911 – Be prepared to provide as much information about the shooter as possible, including physical description /location of shooter:

• Location of active shooter
• Number of shooters, if more than one
• Physical description of shooter/s
• Number and type of weapons held by the shooter/s
• Number of potential victims at the location

(Source: NRF-ICSC Emergency Response Protocols to Active Shooters)

Calling 911

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1. In the initial moments of an active shooter situation, calling 911 is important. The police may not be aware of the situation yet.

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1. However, keep in mind that:

• Any telephone calls can create noise that might be detected by the active shooter. Act according to your current assessment of the situation.

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• Many people will be calling 911 for emergency purposes; and, so, calls to 911 should be for emergency purposes only. For instance, do not call 911 to get updates on the situation or to ask other non-vital questions.

Pay Attention, Notice and Report

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1. In your workplace, employee behavior indicative of potential workplace violence should be taken seriously and appropriately reported to a manager or HR.
2. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) guidelines regarding workplace violence relative to active shooters state:

Indicators of Potential Violence by an Employee

Employees typically do not just “snap,” but display indicators of potentially violent behavior over time. If these behaviors are recognized, they can often be managed and treated.

(Source: DHS “How To Respond When An Active Shooter Is In Your Vicinity”)

Pay Attention, Notice and Report

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Potentially violent behaviors by an employee may include one or more of the following (this list of behaviors is not comprehensive, nor is it intended as a mechanism for diagnosing violent tendencies):

• Increased use of alcohol and/or illegal drugs
• Unexplained increase in absenteeism; vague physical complaints
• Noticeable decrease in attention to appearance and hygiene
• Depression / withdrawal
• Resistance and overreaction to changes in policy and procedures
• Repeated violations of company policies
• Increased severe mood swings
• Noticeably unstable, emotional responses
• Explosive outbursts of anger or rage without provocation
• Suicidal; comments about “putting things in order”
• Behavior which is suspect of paranoia, (“everybody is against me”)
• Increasingly talks of problems at home
• Escalation of domestic problems into the workplace; talk of severe financial problems
• Talk of previous incidents of violence
• Empathy with individuals committing violence
• Increase in unsolicited comments about firearms, other dangerous weapons and violent crimes

(Source: DHS “How To Respond When An Active Shooter Is In Your Vicinity”)

Pay Attention, Notice and Report

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The NRF (National Retail Federation)/ICSC (International Council of Shopping Centers) Active Shooter Response Protocols state:

• An active shooter may be a current or former employee. Employees typically display indicators of potentially violent behavior over time. Create a method for associates to notify human resources/management of this behavior.

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• An active shooter may be related to an associate and or a spouse/domestic partner. Create a method for associates to notify human resources/management of domestic troubles.

(Source: NRF-ICSC Emergency Response Protocols to Active Shooters)

Pay Attention, Notice and Report

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In your Everyday Surroundings

1. Try to be aware of your surroundings and pay attention to persons and situations around you both in your store and in your surroundings no matter where you are.
2. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) advice to everyone regarding suspicious persons or activity is, “If you see something, say something.”

Pay Attention, Notice and Report

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What types of persons or situations qualify as suspicious?

• The concept DLR which means “Doesn’t Look Right” can guide you as to what to look for, notice and pay attention to and then report.

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• Frequently after criminal attacks, witnesses who noticed the suspect in the days or moments before the attack will state something like, “When I first saw him I thought, ‘Something doesn’t look right.”

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• However, very often, these witnesses did not act upon the moment when they realized that something wasn’t right.

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• A suspicious person or situation can simply be something or someone that “Doesn’t Look Right” to you. You don’t need to be able to explain why the person didn’t look right or what the person was actually up to.

Pay Attention, Notice and Report

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If you experience the feeling that something or someone “Doesn’t Look Right,” then:

• Make your safety your first priority.

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• Do not confront the suspicious person.

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• Make brief observations (physical description, location, vehicle identifiers, person’s actions).

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• Immediately report it to law enforcement and/or security.

Planning Exercises

PLEASE BE SURE TO REVIEW AND PREPARE FOR EXERCISES PRIOR TO CONDUCTING THEM.

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The following three Planning Exercises can be performed after the information portion of the presentation.

These exercises should be performed, not merely described, and will require walking throughout the store(s) and outside the store(s) along evacuation routes.

The three exercises are:

• Identifying Concealment and Cover – Helping store employees to know how to use concealment and effective cover to their advantage while moving along evacuation routes and, also, the limitations of concealment and effective cover as a sole means to avoid harm.
• Identifying and Moving along Evacuation Routes - Helping store employees identify multiple evacuation routes from their stores, emphasizing both back door routes through service corridors and alternate routes, including routes to common area main entrances and through other service corridors than their own; and helping them think about what situations would make each route preferable.
• Sheltering in Store – Helping store employees plan steps to shelter in their store, identify secured areas and areas still vulnerable to fired rounds and use initial store sheltering as a means to then engage in evacuation.

Some of the exercises list questions to pose to store employees to spark analysis by them.

EXERCISE 1 - Identifying Concealment and Cover

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Why this is important:

• Concealment and cover can be effective tools when immediate evacuation or sheltering is not available.
• The priority should always be rapid evacuation. However, if this isn’t available, hiding from view or finding a barrier that protects against fired rounds can be vital.
• Concealment and cover can be momentary, temporary measures while moving along evacuation routes.

It is also important to know that you are still vulnerable while using concealment and cover, because:

• Although concealment hides you from view, the object or feature concealing you might not prevent fired rounds and will not protect you from encountering the active shooter.
• Although effective cover protects against fired rounds, it does not protect you from encountering the active shooter the way, for instance, effective sheltering or evacuation can do.

EXERCISE 1 - Identifying Concealment and Cover

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Step 1 – Point out features that offer concealment but not effective cover, both in the store and in the common area.

Step 2 – Point out features that offer effective cover, both in the store and in the common area.

Step 3 – Explain how concealment and cover might be used as momentary, temporary measures while moving along an evacuation route to avoid being detected by the active shooter or to pause momentarily to make observations (prior to moving into an area that you don’t know is safe if you are unsure of the active shooter’s general location).

EXERCISE 2 - Identifying and Moving along Evacuation Routes

Why this is important:

Identifying multiple evacuation routes from a given store is important because:

• Evacuation, if feasible given the unique circumstances of an active shooter situation, is the first priority.
• Knowing evacuation routes in advance helps employees make decisions quickly and effectively during an active shooter situation.
• Knowing a single evacuation route is not as good as knowing multiple routes. The location of the active shooter might block a given evacuation route. Knowing multiple evacuation routes lets employees identify the best route based upon the active shooter’s location.
• If the active shooter is in a store’s evacuation route (e.g., in the service corridor behind the store), knowing where to find access to other service corridors (e.g., through other stores or common area access doors) might be important.

EXERCISE 2 - Identifying and Moving along Evacuation Routes

Step 1 – Identify as many evacuation routes for a given store or set of stores as possible.

Questions:

• Where are the nearest main entrances?
• How many back doors to service corridors are there?
• Does the service corridor(s) lead to one external exit or more?
• What path(s) through the service corridor should be taken to reach the external exits?
• Are there corners, stairwells, recessed doors or other features in a service corridor which could be used by an active shooter to conceal himself?
• Are there alternate service corridors nearby that could perhaps be accessed through other stores or service corridor doors from the common area?

EXERCISE 2 - Identifying and Moving along Evacuation Routes

Step 2 – Walk with the employees along each of these evacuation routes (don’t just describe them).

Questions:

• What active shooter locations might require a given evacuation route to be selected?
• Are some evacuation routes faster than others?
• Do some evacuation routes leave employees exposed even though they are nearer or faster, depending upon the location of the active shooter?

EXERCISE 2 - Identifying and Moving along Evacuation Routes

Step 3 – Demonstrate effective ways to move along evacuation routes. These include:

• Prioritizing moving as quickly as possible away from the suspected location of the active shooter.
• Paying attention to possible changing conditions (e.g., active shooter’s location) by listening for sounds of gunfire, shouting/screaming and the presence of a person (e.g., listening for footsteps in a service corridor) and being watchful of surroundings while moving (i.e., don’t adopt tunnel vision, look around).
• When moving as a group along a service corridor evacuation route or other routes with concealed areas, perhaps having someone from among the group move ahead as point person to very briefly check if the coast is clear.
• Performing the above (paying attention to changing conditions, using a point person) without unreasonably slowing down the evacuation. (Keep moving!)
• Changing evacuations routes if the selected route is found to be blocked.
• Using concealment and cover as temporary ways to pause to make additional observations or avoid detection by an active shooter while moving along an evacuation route.

EXERCISE 3 - Sheltering in the Venue

Why this important?

Evacuation should be the first priority. However, sheltering in the store can be important because:

• Evacuation from the facility might not be available.
• Sheltering involves securing the store (or other area) against the active shooter so he cannot easily detect or reach you.
• Sheltering can include closing and locking the store front gate. The secured store might buy time to use an escape route out a back door and through a service corridor.

EXERCISE 3 - Sheltering in the Venue

Step 1 – Describe possible steps involved in using a store as shelter.

• Prioritize closing and locking the store gate if this can be done without increasing exposure to the active shooter.
• Alert people in the store and immediately outside the store about the active shooter situation or suspected active shooter situation. Do this while working to close and lock the gate.
• Offer shoppers immediately outside the gate the opportunity to shelter within if this can be done without causing delay, further exposing people in the store to harm due to delay and not demanding that these people shelter in the store as they may be going to evacuate instead. Do this while working to close and lock the gate.
• Move away from the store front and seek effective cover, shelter or prepare to evacuate out a back door and through corridors. Do not stand exposed to fired rounds that can penetrate store fronts.
• Keep quiet. Do not make any noises that would alert active shooter that you are within the store.
• Help others within the store move away from the store front, seek effective cover, shelter or prepare to evacuate and keep quiet.
• Decide whether an evacuation route is available (e.g., out the store’s back door and through service corridors) and, if so, whether circumstances suggest you can evacuate.

EXERCISE 3 - Sheltering in the Venue

Step 2 – Explain that an active shooter has just been detected in the shopping center. Randomly select a non-manager employee (if in attendance) to close and lock the gate.

Questions:

• Does everyone have access to store gate keys?
• Are the keys available in a location from which they can be easily retrieved?
• Do all employees know how to close and lock the gate?
• Has everyone closed and locked the gate or watched it being done so they know how long it takes?

EXERCISE 3 - Sheltering in the Venue

Step 3 – Identify what areas in the store are vulnerable to fired rounds and which offer effective cover.

Questions:

• What areas, were you standing there, might fired rounds still strike you?
• Are there any features in the store that offer effective cover, meaning that would stop a fired round from penetrating?
• If so, how many people could use the features for effective cover?
• If so, do these provide effective cover from all angles or just from limited directions?

EXERCISE 3 - Sheltering in the Venue

Step 4 – Identify areas/ spaces that can be secured against an active shooter in the store or who enters the store (e.g., an office).

Questions:

• Are there spaces within the store with doors that can be closed and locked?
• How many people will fit within?
• Do the walls and door provide effective cover (prevent fired rounds from penetrating)? If not, how vulnerable will occupants within the shelter be were the active shooter to fire through the wall or door?
• Are objects within the space that can be used to further barricade the door?
• Is there another way out of the space or are occupants trapped within?
• Can any objects within the space be used as improvised weapons? If so, for how many people?
• Is there a telephone line in the space? If not, do cell phones work from within?
• Is the space accessible to employees at all times?

Emergency Calls and Information Sharing Resources

• Denver Police Department- The Denver Police Department is our point of contact when needed for a suspicious person or activity in the shopping center. Denver Police District 3 is the district that covers our area. http://www.denvergov.org/police/�Denver Police non-emergency phone 720-913-2000�
• CIAC-The Colorado Information Analysis Center (CIAC) is designed to be a cross-jurisdictional partnership between local, state, and federal agencies - including private sector participation when appropriate. This center provides for one central point in Colorado for the collection, analysis, and timely dissemination of terrorism-related information. Information is distributed from the CIAC in the form of daily reports, special reports, and bulletins to numerous agencies representing a multitude of disciplines. �https://ciacco.org/default.aspx?menuitemid=1095�Phone 877-509-CIAC (2422)

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What's in Store: Ordinary People | Extraordinary Events

This video is designed to raise the level of awareness for retail and shopping center employees by highlighting the indicators of suspicious activity.

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Source links:

Link to DHS “Active Shooter – How To Respond” booklet - http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/active_shooter_booklet.pdf

Link to “NRF-ICSC Emergency Response Protocols to Active Shooters” –https://www.illinois.gov/ready/plan/Documents/NRFActiveShooterGuidelines.pdf

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