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8.1 Alloy� Aloi

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

ITeach – Science Form 4

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  • Alloys are harder and stronger than pure metals.

ITeach – Science Form 4

Alloy

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Alloy And Formation Of Alloy

An alloy is a mixture of a pure metal with another pure metal or non-metal.

Process of mixing other elements to pure metal is called alloying.

  • Atoms are arranged neatly in rows.
  • Rows of atoms can slide over one another easily.
  • Pure metals are soft, ductile and malleable.
  • Other substances are added to molten pure metal and mixture is cooled quickly.
  • Presence of foreign atoms disrupts the neat arrangement of atoms in the metal because of the different sizes of pure atoms and foreign atoms.
  • Foreign atom storm the rows from sliding over one another.

Arrangement of atoms in a pure metal

Arrangement of atoms in an alloy

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  • Aloi lebih keras, tidak mudah dimulurkan dan tidak mudah ditempa.

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

Aloi

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Aloi Dan Penghasilan Aloi

Aloi ialah campuran dua atau lebih unsur logam mengikut komposisi yang ditetapkan.

Peoses mencampur logam-logam untuk membentuk bahan aloi dipanggil pengaloian.

  • Atom-atom disusun secara teratur, rapat dan sekata dalam satu kekisi yang teguh.
  • Lapisan atom mudah menggelongsor antara satu sama lain menjadikan logam tulen lembut atau mulur.
  • Logam tulen lembut, mulur dan mudah ditempa.
  • Unsur logam lain ditambah pada logam tulen untuk menambah kekerasan logam dan mencegah kakisan.
  • Kehadiran atom logam asing menganggu susunan atom yang teratur dalam logam tulen kerana saiz atom logam tulen dan saiz atom logam asing yang berlainan.
  • Atom logam asing menyebabkan lapisan-lapisan atom susah mengelongsor antara satu sama lain.

Susunan atom dalam logam tulen

Susunan atom dalam aloi

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ITeach – Science Form 4

Alloy

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Alloying Prevents The Corrosion Of Metals

  • Pure metals are easily to corrode and rust easily.
  • Alloys are highly resistant to corrosion.

Iron easily get rusted

Stainless steel gate strong and lasting

Example : Iron is easily rust whereas stainless steel is lasting and does not rust easily.

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ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

Aloi

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Pengaloian Menghalang Kakisan Logam

  • Logam tulen mudah terkakis dan berkarat.
  • Aloi tidak mudah berkarat.

Besi mudah berkarat

Pagar keluli kuat dan tahan lama

Contoh : Besi mudah berkarat manakala keluli besi kuat dan keras serta tidak mudah berkarat.

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ITeach – Science Form 4

Alloy

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Alloying Improves The Appearance Of Metals

  • Pure metals have shiny surface but when exposed to air for a long period of time, it becomes rusty (metal oxides) which is dull.
  • Alloying prevents rust, therefore alloys have nice and shiny surface for long period.

Brown Copper turns to dull brown

National monument made of bronze

  • Example : Copper turns to dull brown surface when its surface is oxidized.

Bronze is highly resistant to corrosion.

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ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

Aloi

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Pengaloian Memperbaiki Rupa Logam

  • Logam tulen mempunyai permukaan berkilat tetapi apabila terdedah kepada udara, ia mudah berkarat (logam oksida).
  • Pengaloian menghalang pengaratan. Oleh itu, aloi mempunyai permukaan yang berkilat untuk jangka masa yang panjang.

Kuprum berwarna coklat

bertukar coklat keperangan

Tugu Negara diperbuat daripada gangsa

  • Contoh : Permukaan kuprum menjadi coklat keperangan apabila permukaannya terdedah kepada udara. Gangsa sangat tahan dariapda berkarat.

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ITeach – Science Form 4

Alloy

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Alloying Changes The Properties Of Metals

Increase the hardness of metals.

  • Most metal are soft and light.
  • Alloying makes metals harder and stronger.

Example

Aluminium is soft and light.

Duralumin is strong and light.

Pure aluminium coil is soft

Bicycle frame is strong and light

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ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

Aloi

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Pengaloian Mengubah Sifat-sifat Logam

Menambah Kekerasan Logam

  • Kebanyakan logam lembut dan ringan.
  • Pengaloian menjadikan logam keras dan kuat.

Contoh

Aluminium lembut dan ringan.

Duralumin kuat dan ringan.

Gelung aluminium adalah lembut

Bingkai basikal kuat dan ringan

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ITeach – Science Form 4

Alloy

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Example Of Common Alloys

Pewter

Stainless steel

Steel

Bronze

Brass

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ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

Aloi

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Contoh-contoh Aloi

Piuter

Keluli berkarbon

Keluli

Gangsa

Loyang

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ITeach – Science Form 4

Alloy

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Pewter

Composition

Uses

Properties

  • 97% tin

  • Making household article, decorative item, photo frame and table ware.
  • Nice appearance, shinny and resistant to corrosion.
  • 3% antimony + copper.

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ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

Aloi

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Piuter

Komposisi

Kegunaan

Sifat

  • 97% timah

  • Membuat barangan hiasan dan cenderamata
  • Dapat ditempa, mulur, berkilat selepas digosok dan tahan karat
  • 3% antimoni + kuprum.

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ITeach – Science Form 4

Alloy

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Stainless Steel

Composition

Uses

Properties

  • 74% iron

  • Kitchen wares like forks, spoon and knives.
  • Shiny appearance, hard, strong and highly withstand corrosion.
  • 8% carbon
  • 18% chromium

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Aloi

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Keluli Nirkarat

Komposisi

Kegunaan

Sifat

  • 74% besi

  • Peralatan dapur seperti pisau, garfu dan sudu.
  • Permukaan berkilat, keras dan tahan kakisan.
  • 8% karbon
  • 18% kromium

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ITeach – Science Form 4

Alloy

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Steel

Composition

Uses

Properties

  • 99.5% iron

  • Construction material for buildings, bridges, vehicles and machines.
  • Hard, strong and resistant to corrosion.
  • 0.5% carbon.

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ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

Aloi

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Keluli

Komposisi

Kegunaan

Sifat

  • 99.5% besi

  • Bahan pembinaan seperti jambatan dan mesin.
  • Keras, murah, bentuknya tidak mudah diubah.
  • 0.5% karbon.

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ITeach – Science Form 4

Alloy

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Bronze

Composition

Uses

Properties

  • 88% copper

  • Making medals and decorative ornaments.
  • Hard, nice appearance and resistant to corrosion.
  • 12% tin.

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ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

Aloi

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Gangsa

Komposisi

Kegunaan

Sifat

  • 88% kuprum

  • Pingat, syiling dan barangan perhiasan.
  • Keras, permukaan yang cantik, tidak berkarat dan tahan kakisan.
  • 12% timah.

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ITeach – Science Form 4

Alloy

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Brass

Composition

Uses

Properties

  • 75% coppe

  • Making decorative item, musical instrument and kitchen appliances.
  • Hard, shiny, strong and resistant to corrosion.
  • 25% zinc.

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ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

Aloi

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Loyang

Komposisi

Kegunaan

Sifat

  • 75% kuprum

  • Barang hiasan, peralatan muzik dan peralatan dapur.
  • Keras, berkilat dan tidak berkarat.
  • 25% zink.

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ITeach – Science Form 4

Alloy

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Copper nickel

Composition

Uses

Properties

  • 75% copper

  • Making coins
  • Nice appearance

  • 25% nickel
  • Hand and durable
  • Resistant to corrosion

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ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

Alloy

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Kupronikel

Komposisi

Kegunaan

Sifat

  • 75% kuprum

  • Membuat duit syiling
  • Permukaan yang cantik

  • 25% nikel
  • Keras dan tahan
  • Tahan kakisan

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ITeach – Science Form 4

Alloy

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Duralumin

Composition

Uses

Properties

  • 95% aluminium

  • Making bodies of aircraft boat, bicycles, buses and trains
  • Light

  • 1% manganese
  • 1% magnesium
  • 3% copper
  • resistant to corrosion
  • strong

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Aloi

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Duralumin

Komposisi

Kegunaan

Sifat

  • 95% Aluminium

  • Membuat rangka kapal terbang, basikal, bas dan keretapi
  • Ringan

  • 1% Mangan
  • 1% Magnesium
  • 3% Kuprum
  • Tahan kakisan
  • Kuat

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ITeach – Science Form 4

Alloy

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

The Importance Of Alloys In Industry

  • Steel used in construction industry

  • Stainless steel used in automotive and kitchen ware industry

  • Duralumin widely use in automotive industry

  • Steel is hard, strong and highly resistant to corrosion.
  • Stainless steel has the same characteristics as steel
  • Stainless steel can withstand corrosion better than steel.
  • Stainless steel is more shiny than steel
  • Type of stainless steel depend on the amount of chromium and nickel added into iron.
  • Stainless steel is used in making car bodies and kitchen ware.
  • Duralumin is light, strong and highly resistant to corrosion
  • Duralumin is used making vehicles bodies.

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Aloi

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Kepentingan Aloi Dalam Industri

  • Keluli digunakan dalam industri pembinaan

  • Keluli nirkarat digunakan dalam komponen kereta dan peralatan dapur

  • Duralumin digunakan dengan meluas dalam industri peralatan kereta

  • Keluli kuat, keras dan tahan kakisan.
  • Keluli nirkarat mempunyai sifat yang sama seperti keluli.
  • Keluli nirkarat tahan kakisan lebih daripada keluli.
  • Keluli nirkarat lebih berkilat daripada keluli.
  • Jenis keluli nirkarat bergantung kepada jumlah kromium dan nikel yang ditambahkan pada besi.
  • Keluli nirkarat digunakan dalam membuat rangka kereta dan peralatan dapur.
  • Duralumin ringan, keras dan tahan kakisan.
  • Duralumin digunakan untuk membuat rangka kereta.

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ITeach – Science Form 4

Alloy

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Superconductor Alloys

  • Superconductor alloy is a material that has no resistance to the flow of electricity at a very low temperature.
  • Thus, less heat energy is produced and energy wastage can be avoided.

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ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

Aloi

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Aloi Superkonduktor

  • Aloi superkonduktor ialah aloi yang boleh mengalirkan arus elektrik dalam keadaan tanpa rintangan pada suhu yang sangat rendah.
  • Kurang tenaga haba dihasilkan dan pengeluaran tenaga berlebihan dapat dielakkan.

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Alloy

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Uses Of Superconductor Alloys

  • Medical field
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines use superconductor alloys to produce high quality images of the internal parts of human body.
  • Transportation
  • Maglev trains use superconductor alloys to produce strong electromagnetic field to levitate on its track as though it is floating.
  • The reduced friction between the train and the track minimise the loss of electrical power. The train can travel at very high speed.

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ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

Aloi

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Kegunaan Aloi Superkonduktor

  • Perubatan
  • Mesin MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) menggunakan aloi superkonduktor untuk menghasilkan imej bahagian dalaman tubuh manusia yang berkualiti tinggi.
  • Pengangkutan
  • Keretapi terapung (Maglev train) menggunakan aloi superkonduktor untuk menghasilkan medan elektromagnetik yang tinggi yang membolehkan keretapi itu bergerak pada kelajuan yang tinggi.
  • Geseran antara keretapi dan landasan keretapi yang kurang meminimumkan kehilangan tenaga elektrik. Keretapi boleh bergerak dengan kelajuan yang sangat tinggi

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8.2 The Production and Uses Of Ammonia In Industry� Penghasilan Dan Penggunaan Ammonia Dalam Industri

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

ITeach – Science Form 4

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Ammonia is a colourless gas which has a pungent smell and very soluble in water.

ITeach – Science Form 4

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Ammonia

  • Making ammonium fertiliser

Uses Of Ammonia

Example

Ammonium sulphate

Ammonium nitrate

  • Making nitric acid

Nitric acid is used to make fertilizer, colouring and explosive materials.

  • As cooling agent in refrigerators and air conditioner.
  • As cleaning agent in making detergents.
  • In latex industry to prevent coagulation of rubber latex.
  • Making chemical substance as synthetic nylon.

Production and Uses Of Ammonia In Industry

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Ammonia ialah gas yang tidak berwarna yang mempunyai bau yang tengik dan sangat larut dalam air.

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Ammonia

  • Membuat baja ammonia

Kegunaan Ammonia

Contoh

Ammonium sulfat

Ammonium nitrat

  • Membuat asid nitrik

Asid nitrik digunakan untuk membuat baja, bahan pewarna dan bahan letupan.

  • Sebagai bahan penyejuk dalam peti sejuk dan penyaman udara.
  • Sebagai agen pembersih dalam larutan pembersih.
  • Dalam industri getah. Ammonia menghalang pengumpalan susu getah lateks.
  • Membuat bahan kimia seperti nilon sintetik.

Penggunaan Dan Penghasilan Ammonia Dalam Industri

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ITeach – Science Form 4

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

The Production Of Ammonia In

Industry – Haber Process

Ratio of nitrogen : hydrogen = 1 : 3

Compressor

Reacting

chamber

Hydrogen gas

Nitrogen gas

Unreacted N + H

gas are recycled

2

2

Liquid ammonia

Cooler

Iron catalyst

Temperature : 450°C

Pressure : 200 atm

Mixture of N and H

2

2

Production and Uses Of Ammonia In Industry

Catalyst : Iron

450°C, 200 atm

Ammonia

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

+

reaction)

Exothermic

(

3

2NH

2

H

3

2

N

+

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Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Penghasilan Ammonia Dalam Industri – Proses Haber

nitrogen : hidrogen = 1 : 3

Pemampat

Kebuk tindak

balas

Gas Hidrogen

Gas Nitrogen

Gas nitrogen dan

Hidrogen yang

Tidak bertindak

balas

Ammonia

Penyejuk

Mangkin besi

Suhu : 450°C

Tekanan : 200 atm

Campuran Nitrogen dan Hidrogen

Penghasilan Dan Penggunaan Ammonia Dalam Industri

Mangkin : Besi

450°C, 200 atm

Ammonia

Hidrogen

Nitrogen

+

eksotermik)

Tindak balas

(

3

2NH

2

H

3

2

N

+

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Factors That Affect The Production Of Ammonia

ITeach – Science Form 4

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

  • Presence of catalyst (iron)
  • Iron catalyst increase the rate of reaction
  • Temperature
  • Haber process is a reversible process, the forward process to produce ammonia is an exothermic process where heat is released.
  • Pressure
  • At pressure of 200 atmosphere, production of ammonia can be increased.

Production and Uses Of Ammonia In Industry

  • When temperature is high, ammonia decompose into nitrogen and hydrogen reducing the production of ammonia.
  • When temperature is low, more ammonia is produced, but the rate of reaction is slow.
  • To produce an optimum amount of ammonia, the temperature is fixed at 450°C.

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Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Penghasilan Ammonia

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

  • Kehadiran Mangkin (besi)
  • Mangkin besi meningkatkan kadar tindak balas.
  • Suhu
  • Proses Haber ialah proses berbalik. Proses ke hadapan menghasilkan ammonia dan membebaskan haba iaitu tindak balas eksotermik.
  • Tekanan
  • Penghasilan ammonia boleh ditingkatkan pada tekanan 200 atmosfera.

Penghasilan Dan Penggunaan Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

  • Apabila suhu tinggi, ammonia terurai kepada nitrogen dan hidrogen dan seterusnya mengurangkan penghasilan ammonia.
  • Apabila suhu rendah, lebih banyak ammonia dihasilkan tetapi kadar tindak balas adalah perlahan.
  • Untuk menghasilkan jumlah ammonia yang optimum, suhu mestilah 450°C.

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ITeach – Science Form 4

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

The Production Of Ammonium Fertilisers

  • Ammonium fertilizers are chemical fertilizer which produced in industry.

Example of chemical fertilisers :

  • Ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and urea.
  • Ammonium salts can be produced by neutralisation process (Alkaline ammonia solution reacts with acids).

Example :

  • Ammonia + Nitric acid

Ammonium nitrate + water.

  • Ammonia + Sulphuric acid

Ammonium sulphate + water.

  • Ammonia + Phosphoric acid

Ammonium phosphate + water.

Ammonia solution

Acid

Ammonium salt + water

Saturated salt solution

Crystal of ammonium salt

Neutralisation

Evaporation

by heating

Cooling

Crystallisation

  • The flow chart of the production of Ammonia salt.

Production and Uses Of Ammonia In Industry

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Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Penghasilan Baja Ammonia

  • Baja ammonia ialah baja kimia yang dihasilkan dalam industri.

Contoh baja kimia :

  • Ammonium sulfat, ammonium nitrat dan urea.
  • Garam Ammonium boleh dihasilkan melalui proses peneutralan (Larutan ammonia beralkali bertindak balas dengan asid)

Contoh :

  • Ammonia + Asid Nitrik

Ammonium nitrat + Air.

  • Ammonia + Asid Sulfurik

Ammonium sulfat + Air

  • Ammonia + Asid Fosforus

Ammonium fosfat + Air.

Larutan Ammonia

Asid

Garam ammonium + Air

Larutan garam tepu

Hablur garam ammonium

Peneautralan

Penyejatan

Melalui

pemanasan

Penyejukan

Penghabluran

  • Carta alir bagi penghasilan garam ammonia.

Penghasilan Dan Penggunaan Ammonia Dalam Industri

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ITeach – Science Form 4

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

The Production Of Urea

  • A type of fertiliser used in agriculture.
  • Produced by the reaction between ammonia and carbon dioxide at 200°C and at pressure 200 atmospheres.

Ammonia + Carbon dioxide

200°C

200 atm

Urea

Haber

Process

Ammonia

Acid

Carbon dioxide

Ammonium sulphate

Ammonium nitrat

Ammonium phosphate

Chemical fertilisers

Urea

React with

Production and Uses Of Ammonia In Industry

React with

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Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Pembuatan Baja Urea

  • Sejenis baja yang digunakan dalam pertanian.
  • Dihasilkan daripada tinak balas antara ammonia dan karbon dioksida pada suhu 200°C dan pada tekanan 200 atmosfera.

Ammonia + Karbon dioksida

200°C

200 atm

Urea

Proses Haber

Ammonia

Asid

Karbon dioksida

Ammonium sulfat

Ammonium nitrat

Ammonium fosfat

Baja Kimia

Urea

Bertindak balas dengan

Penghasilan Dan Penggunaan Ammonia Dalam Industri

Bertindak balas dengan

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8.3 The Effects Of Industrial Waste Disposal � On The Environment� Kesan Pembuangan Bahan Sisa Industri Terhadap Alam Sekitar

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

ITeach – Science Form 4

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ITeach – Science Form 4

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

The Effects Of Industrial Waste Disposal

On The Environmental

Burning of fossil fuels

Toxic waste from industry

Radioactive waste

Waste from agriculture industry

Effects Of Industrial Waste Disposal On The Environment

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Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Kesan Pembuangan Bahan Sisa Industri Terhadap Alam Sekitar

Pembakaran bahan api

Sisa toksik daripada industri

Sisa daripada bahan radioaktif

Pembuangan sisa daripada industri pertanian

Kesan Pembuangan Bahan Sisa Industri Terhadap Alam Sekitar

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  • Haze and dust may cause irritation to respiratory system and reduce the rate of photosynthesis rate in green plants.

ITeach – Science Form 4

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Burning of fossil fuels

Source of pollution

Pollutants

Effect on the environment

  • Fuels use in vehicles and generation of electricity
  • When acidic gases dissolve in rain water, acid rain is formed.
  • Acid rain damages forest and aquatic ecosystem.
  • Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gases which can cause global warming.
  • Acidic gases

Example

Carbon dioxide,

Sulphur dioxide,

Nitrogen oxides.

  • Carbon monoxide is harmful to human because it reduces the ability of blood to carry oxygen.
  • CFC causes depletion of ozone layer.
  • Toxic gas

Carbon monoxide,

CFC

Hydrocarbons

  • Solid particles

Haze

Dust

Effects Of Industrial Waste Disposal On The Environment

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  • Jerebu dan debu menyebabkan sistem pernafasan terganggu dan mengurangkan kadar fotosintesis oleh tumbuhan hijau.

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Pembakaran Bahan Api

Sumber Pencemaran

Bahan Pencemar

Kesan Terhadap Alam Sekitar

  • Bahan api digunakan pada kenderaan dan penjanaan tenaga elektrik
  • Apabila gas berasid larut dalam air hujan, hujan asid dihasilkan.
  • Hujan asid memusnahkan hutan dan ekosistem akuatik.
  • Gas karbon dioksida ialah gas kesan rumah hijau yang menyebabkan pemanasan global.
  • Gas berasid

Contoh

Karbon dioksida,

Sulfur dioksida

Nitrogen oksida.

  • Karbon monoksida merbahaya kepada manusia kerana ia mengurangkan pengaliran oksigen dalam darah.
  • CFC menyebabkan penipisan lapisan ozon.
  • Gas toksik

Karbon monoksida,

CFC

Hidrokarbon

  • Zarah pepejal

Jerebu

Debu

Kesan Pembuangan Bahan Sisa Industri Terhadap Alam Sekitar

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Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Toxic waste from industry

Source of pollution

Pollutants

Effect on the environment

  • Waste from industry can be in solid, liquid or gases form.
  • Corrosive waste which is drained into river, pond or sea may change the pH value of water that may harm the aquatic organism.
  • Corrosive waste such as acids and alkalis.
  • Heavy metals that accumulate in human body may affect the functions of human organ.
  • Heavy metals such as lead, mercury and arsenic.

Effects Of Industrial Waste Disposal On The Environment

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Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Sisa Toksik Dari Industri

Sumber Pencemaran

Bahan Pencemar

Kesan terhadap Alam Sekitar

  • Sisa industri terdiri daripada pepejal, cecair dan gas.
  • Bahan-bahan menghakis mengubah pH air sungai, kolam dan laut dan seterusnya menganggu keseimbanagn ekosistem akuatik.
  • Bahan-bahan menghakis seperti asid dan alkali
  • Logam merbahaya terkumpul dalam tubuh manusia boleh merosakkan fungsi organ tubuh badan.
  • Logam merbahaya seperti plumbum, merkuri dan arsenik.

Kesan Pembuangan Bahan Sisa Industri Terhadap Alam Sekitar

  • Logam merbahaya seperti plumbum, merkuri dan arsenik.
  • Logam merbahaya seperti plumbum, merkuri dan arsenik.

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Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Radioactive waste

Source of pollution

Pollutants

Effect on the environment

  • From nuclear reactor, medical and scientific research.
  • Radiations may cause cancer, mutation, birth defects, infertility or even death.
  • Radiation such as gamma, alpha and beta radiation.

Effects Of Industrial Waste Disposal On The Environment

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Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Sisa Bahan Radioaktif

Sumber Pencemaran

Bahan Pencemar

Kesan Terhadap Alam Sekitar

  • Daripada tindak balas nuklear, perubatan dan penyelidikan saintifik.
  • Pendedahan manusia kepada sinaran gamma, alfa atau beta boleh menyebabkan kanser, mutasi, mandul, kecacatan fetus dan juga boleh menyebabkan maut.
  • Sinaran seperti sinaran gamma, alfa dan beta.

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  • May cause cancers, respiratory diseases and reproductive problems.

ITeach – Science Form 4

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Waste from agriculture industry

Source of pollution

Pollutants

Effect on the environment

  • Burning of palm oil waste and paddy waste.
  • Causing air pollution of carbon dioxide and haze.
  • Thick smok of haze and dust.
  • Cause algal blooms which lead to eutrophication.
  • Excessive fertilizers (phosphate).
  • Pesticides
  • Excessive use of fertilisers and pesticides.
  • Decompose of agriculture and organic waste.
  • Foul-smelling gas (methane gas) is released.
  • Organic waste

Effects Of Industrial Waste Disposal On The Environment

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  • Menyebabkan kanser, penyakit pernafasan dan masalah pembiakan.

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Pembuangan Sisa Pertanian

Sumber Pencemaran

Bahan Pencemar

Kesan Terhadap Alam Sekitar

  • Pembakaran sisa kelapa sawit dan padi.
  • Menyebabkan pencemaran udara.
  • Asap jerebu dan debu yang tebal.
  • Menyebabkan blum alga yang mengakibatkan pengeutrofikatan.
  • Baja yang berlebihan (fosfat).
  • Racun serangga
  • Penggunaan baja dan racun perosak yang berlebihan.
  • Penguraian sisa bahan organik dan pertanian.
  • Gas busuk dibebaskan (gas metana).
  • Sisa bahan organik

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  • Biogas technology which process agriculture waste naturally through digestion by microorganism and turn it into biogas that can be used as fuel and natural fertiliser.

ITeach – Science Form 4

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Methods Of Controlling Industrial Waste Disposal

Enforcement of laws

  • Environment Quality Acts which contain rules on controlling sources of environmental pollution.
  • Factory owners who do not comply with the laws will be charged in court.

Education

  • Educating the public on the importance of preventing environmental pollution and create awareness of environmental problems through formal education system.

Application of technology

  • Toxic industrial waste can be converted to harmless substances by using a plasma torch which produce high temperature to break down toxic waste.
  • Filter and scrubbers used to filter the poisonous gas.

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  • Teknologi biogas memproses sisa pertanian melalui proses pencernaan oleh mikroorganisma yang akan menukarkan sisa pertanian kepada bahan api dan baja semulajadi.

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Kaedah Pengawalan Pembuangan Sisa Industri

Penguatkuasan Undang-undang

  • Akta Kualiti Alam Sekitar mengandungi undang-undang untuk mengawal pencemaran alam sekitar.
  • Akta Kualiti Alam Sekitar mendenda pengilang yang mencemarkan alam sekitar.

Pendidikan

  • Mendidik masyarakat tentang kepentingan memelihara pencemaran alam dan menyedarkan masyarakat tentang masalah pencemaran melalui pendidikan di sekolah.

Penggunaan Teknologi

  • Penggunaan teknologi seperti membina "pemendak elektrostatik" pada cerobong kilang. Ini boleh mengurangkan gas karbon monoksida.
  • Penapis digunakan untuk menapis gas beracun.

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8.4 The Need For Preservation And Conservation Of The Environment From Industrial Waste Pollution

Keperluan Memelihara Dan Memulihara Alam Sekitar Daripada Dicemari Sisa Industri

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

ITeach – Science Form 4

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  • Preservation refers to the effort to maintain living things and their environment in a balanced state.
  • Conservation refers to the management of natural resources so as to prevent damage to the environments.
  • Consequences of uncontrolled and haphazard disposal of industrial wastes.
  • Water pollution causes water sources not suitable for human consumption, destroying aquatic habitat, organism and plants.
  • Air pollution causes health problem, global warming and acid rain.
  • Soil pollution destroys habitat and ecosystem.

ITeach – Science Form 4

The Need For Preservation And Conservation Of The Environment From Industrial Waste Pullotion

Topic 8 Chemicals In Industry

Effects Of Industrial Waste Disposal On The Environment

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  • Pemeliharaan merujuk kepada usaha mengekalkan hidupan dan persekitaran dalam keadaan yang seimbang.
  • Pemuliharaan merujuk kepada pengurusan sumber semulajadi yang betul tanpa merosakkan persekitaran.
  • Kesan pembuangan sisa bahan industri yang tidak terkawal.
  • Pencemaran air menyebabkan sumber air tidak selamat digunakan, memusnahkan habitat hidupan akuatik.
  • Pencemaran udara menyebabkan masalah kesihartan , pemanasan global dan hujan asid.
  • Pencemaran tanah merosakkan habitat dan ekosistem.

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

Keperluan Memelihara Dan Memulihara Alam Sekitar

Daripada Dicemari Bahan Sisa Industri

Topik 8 Bahan Kimia Dalam Industri

Keperluan Memelihara Dan Memulihara Alam Sekitar