CLIMATE CHANGE

CLIMATE CHANGE

INTRODUCTION

In the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change climate change is specifically defined as change in the climate caused directly or indirectly by human activities (UNFCC), 2004

CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate changes are due to

• natural processes
• human activities

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CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

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CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

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EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

• The effects of climate change appear in the climate by modifying the composition of the atmosphere.

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The effects of climate change are the following:

• Changing the Earth's climate
• Rising sea levels
• Reduction of water resources
• Contribution to the appearance of the El Niño phenomenon
• Direct effect of temperature

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

GREENHOUSE EFFECT

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• The greenhouse effect is a natural process.
• The average temperature of the Earth is maintained at the level of 15oC, thanks to this phenomenon.
• Greenhouse gases (which mainly include CO2 and water vapor) form a 'layer' above the Earth's surface at a certain height.

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GREENHOUSE EFFECT

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• In recent years, when we say the Greenhouse effect, we are not referring to the natural process, but to its exacerbation, due to the pollution of the atmosphere by man-made activities.
• Water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane form a physical barrier around the Earth.
• The burning of fossil fuels has led to an increase in the amount of CO2 and other gases such as methane and nitrogen oxides released into the atmosphere.

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WAYS OF ADDRESSING THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

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1. Utilization of clean energy sources, such as wind, solar, hydropower and biomass is a basic condition for reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

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• Reducing carbon dioxide in the energy sector.

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• The tree plantings (absorption of dioxide and production of oxygen and in the correct regulation of the water cycle).

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WAYS OF ADDRESSING THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

1. The reduction of carbon dioxide in the energy production sector is one of the main ways of dealing with the greenhouse effect.
2. The use of clean energy sources, such as wind, solar, hydropower and biomass is a key condition for reducing carbon dioxide emissions.
3. Investing in research to find an alternative source of energy to replace coal is extremely important.
4. The tree plantings help to absorb the dioxide, while at the same time they contribute to the production of oxygen and the correct regulation of the water cycle.

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WAYS OF ADDRESSING THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

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5. At the same time, people must also limit the emissions of other gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect (eg chlorofluorocarbons which are particularly destructive to the ozone).

6. Greater financial, technological and ethical contribution on the part of developed countries to reduce gas emissions.

7. Developed countries, at the same time, to help developing countries achieve the same goal.

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WAYS OF ADDRESSING THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

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8. Individual responsibility is imperative to change people's lifestyles.

9. Man should reuse, recycle, save energy in everyday life

10. Man must learn to live with appreciation and respect towards nature.

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WAYS OF ADDRESSING THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

4. Limiting emissions of other gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect (e.g. chlorofluorocarbons that are particularly destructive to the ozone).

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5. Greater economic, technological and moral contribution on the part of developed countries to reduce gas emissions.

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6. Aid to developing countries from developed countries aiming to reduce gas emissions.

CONSEQUENCES OF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

1. Changing the Earth's climate.

2. Rising sea levels.

3. Reduction of water resources.

4. Contribution to the appearance of the El Niño phenomenon

5. Direct effect of temperature

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CONSEQUENCES OF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

LIVESTOCK AS A CAUSE

• The European Union (EU) adopted a package of measures for Climate and Energy (Paris Agreement, 2014).

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The most important EU pollutant indicators are:

• Energy Production and Distribution,
• Transportation,
• buildings,
• Industry,
• Agriculture-Livestock

LIVESTOCK AS A CAUSE

• Livestock farming alone is responsible for the emission of 7.1 giga-tons (Gt) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year, a value that corresponds to 14.5% of the total GHG emissions worldwide.

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• The European area produces a total of approximately 0.8 gt of CO2 per year through animal husbandry.

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• 45% comes from animal feed production.

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• 39% from the digestion process of ruminants (cattle).

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LIVESTOCK AS A CAUSE

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• 39% from the digestion process of ruminants (cattle).
• 10% from faeces collection and processing.
• The remaining 6% for the preparation and transport of animal products
• the above emissions are due to both CO2 and methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions,
• in this case they have been reduced to CO2 based on their equivalent contribution to global warming.

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LIVESTOCK AS A CAUSE

• Important parameters are:
• the overconsumption and waste of food. Globally, animal product waste reaches 20%, while the figure for the EU is halved.
• the dramatic increase in population.

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• In other words, 1/10 of the animal products produced and packaged in Europe end up in the trash, burdening the environment.

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LIVESTOCK AS A CAUSE

• A sustainable policy in the field of agriculture and animal husbandry is proving to be a very powerful parameter of contribution to the efforts of states to curb climate change.
• Germany's Federal Environment Agency urges the government to increase the tax rate on animal products.
• 1kg of beef "generates" 28kg of CO2, in contrast to fruits and vegetables which for the same amount corresponds to less than 1kg of CO2

NEW SUSTAINABLE MODEL

• Action should be taken immediately in three areas:
• 1st axis: the transformation of breeding systems by the integration of innovative technologies.
• 2nd axis: Animal feed and its production.
• 3rd axis: The formation of a mountain livestock breeding model for Greece. This presupposes the redesign of subsidies and disposal. of pastures.

CHANGES IN THE EARTH'S ENVIRONMENT

• Complex mathematical models known as GCMs process all available information to predict future climate change, showing that the Earth's average temperature will rise by an average of about 0.3°C per decade for the next 100 years.
• The model predictions - based on computers - also say that by the end of the century the temperature will rise by up to 5.8ºC.
• Sea level is expected to rise due to ocean warming (thermal expansion) and melting of mountain ice and to a lesser extent melting of Greenland ice
• The distribution and frequency of rainfall will change.
• Floods will increase, storms will increase and extreme weather conditions will generally be more frequent and intense

GLOBAL WARMING

• The term global warming denotes a special case of climate change and refers to the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans.
• The term is generally neutral as to the causes of warming, yet it has come to imply human intervention.
• It is often attributed differently, as planetary (over)warming or global warming.
• Other times it is identified with the greenhouse effect which is a mechanism of global warming.

EFFECTS OF THE GLOBAL WARMING

• Global warming is predicted to have impacts on both the environment and human activities.
• The main ones include sea level rise, as well as different extreme weather events.
• For sea level, scientists talk about a rise of five centimeters per decade.
• The assessment of the effects of the concentration of greenhouse gases on the general ecological balance.

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ADDRESSING THE OVERHEATING OF THE PLANET

Measures to deal with the problem:

• Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
• Reforestation.
• Sustainable agriculture and land use.
• Adaptation measures.
• Carbon sequestration and storage.
• Education and awareness.

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ADDRESSING THE OVERHEATING OF THE PLANET

In more detail:

1.Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by promoting the use of renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydropower).

2.increasing energy efficiency in buildings, transport and industry.

3. Reforestation is becoming one of the most effective ways to combat climate change.

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ADDRESSING THE OVERHEATING OF THE PLANET

4. Planting new trees and restoring degraded forests
5. Sustainable agricultural practices (organic farming, tillage, conservation, agroforestry). They help reduce emissions and build resilience to climate change.
6. Development and implementation of adaptation measures in communities and ecosystems.
7. Construction of sea walls to protect coastal areas from rising sea levels
8. Application of drought-resistant crops in areas facing water scarcity.

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ADDRESSING THE OVERHEATING OF THE PLANET

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9. carbon dioxide capture and storage technologies. They help capture CO2 emissions from power plants and industrial plants.

10. Processes and storage of gases in underground geological formations, preventing them from entering the atmosphere.

11. public information campaigns, educational programs in schools and universities.

12. Targeted messages to specific audiences (policy makers, industry leaders, general public)

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CARBON FOOTPRINT OF FOOD AND CLIMATE CHANGE

• Carbon footprint is the total of greenhouse gas emissions.
• The carbon footprint is expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent.
• Greenhouse gases are caused by: a person, event, organization, service, place or product,

CARBON FOOTPRINT OF FOOD AND CLIMATE CHANGE

• An energy or carbon footprint is defined as the set of greenhouse gases produced daily by a country, a region, a business, even a household or an individual.
• The carbon footprint is a result of burning fossil fuels for electricity, heating, transportation (etc.).
• The carbon footprint reflects the environmental impact of these activities, which emit greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, hydrofluorocarbons, etc.).
• Our diet is clearly included in the individual activities that burden the environment and are responsible for climate change.

CARBON FOOTPRINT OF FOOD AND CLIMATE CHANGE

• The carbon footprint of food comes from all the actions that contribute to changing land uses (cultivation, breeding, processing, transport, packaging, cooking, disposal of food).
• The food industry is responsible for about ¼ of man-made greenhouse gas emissions, of which 58% is caused by livestock farming alone!
• In Europe, the food industry accounts for 15-20% of the EU's total greenhouse gas emissions.

CARBON FOOTPRINT OF FOOD AND CLIMATE CHANGE

• 5-6% comes from transport,
• 8-10% from food processing and packaging,
• 1-2% from cooling and approx
• 1-2% of the retail sale.

HOW MUCH DOES OUR DIET BURDEN THE SUFFERING ENVIRONMENT

Diet affects:

• To health.
• To the environment.
• To the health of the planet.
• In the planet's ability to provide food for future generations.

SUSTAINABLE NUTRITION

• Globally, the production, consumption and disposal of food is responsible, in the last 50 years, for
• 70% of terrestrial biodiversity loss,
• 50% of freshwater biodiversity loss and
• 26% of greenhouse gas emissions".

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SUSTAINABLE NUTRITION

• By adopting a sustainable diet we ensure a healthy life for current and future generations and contribute to the good management of the planet's natural resources."
• Experiencing nutrition will reduce:
• by 30% food-related carbon dioxide emissions globally.
• by 46% the loss of wildlife,

SUSTAINABLE NUTRITION

• by 41% the use of land for cultivation and
• by at least 20% premature deaths". it is claimed that "at a global level, the production, consumption and disposal of food is responsible,
• in the last 50 years, for 70% of the loss of terrestrial biodiversity,
• 50% of freshwater biodiversity loss and 26% of greenhouse gas emissions'.

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DIET OF GREEKS

• Regarding Greece, "if we were to follow the Mediterranean diet and the recommendations of the National Dietary Guide, our country's contribution to the international loss of biodiversity would be reduced:
• by about 50%, in greenhouse gas emissions
• by 35%, in the use of land for crops
• by 20%, in the use of land for pastures
• by 60%, in the use of water for food production
• by 25% and in the possibility of eutrophication[s.s. it is the high concentration of nutrients above the normal limits in lakes or closed shallow bays] by 50%.

DIET OF GREEKS AND SOLUTIONS

1. We limit the consumption of meat and in general the consumption of animal products.
2. We increase the consumption of plant-based foods, such as legumes, fruits and vegetables.
3. We take care of the environment by choosing a diet based on seasonal and local products.
4. We reduce food waste.
5. We consume fish responsibly.

RESPECT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT-RESPECT FOR LIFE

• Environmental education encourages the development of environmental consciousness and thinking at a deeper level.
• Highlighting the need to take drastic measures.
• Motivation to take decisions on the issues of global warming and climate change we are experiencing.
• The investigation of teachers' perceptions and attitudes is of great importance as it contributes to the formation of students' perceptions regarding their view of the world, nature and the environment

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RESPECT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT-RESPECT FOR LIFE

The characteristic features of the attitudes, which differ from person to person and in terms of the dynamics of their appearance, are that:

➢ are a product of learning,

are affected by social mediation,

➢ include the assessment element,

➢ predict behavior

➢ are associated with readiness for action (Shrigley 1990).

RESPECT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT-RESPECT FOR LIFE

• Attitudes/perceptions
• attitudes are deeply rooted in individuals and long lasting.
• perceptions are more rational and the reaction resulting from perceptions are likely to be coincidental.

SCHOOL/TEACHERS

• The role of teachers at the global level is essential.
• Contribution of the global education community to effecting far-reaching social change.

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Objectives:

• Achieving aviation society
• Creating responsible citizens

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BIBLOGRAPHY

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«Climate change policies». eea.europa.eu. European Environmental Agency. Retrieved on 1^st December 2017.

«CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)». The World Bank. Retrieved on 4^th March 2019.

 «The CO2 list (and original sources cited therein)». Retrieved on 18th March Μαρτίου 2011.

 «Warm air helped make 2017 ozone hole smallest since 1988». ScienceDaily (in English). Retrieved on 10^th February 2021.

«Causes of Climate Change». europa.eu. European Commission. Retrieved on 1st December 2017.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2005). World Agriculture: Towards 2050 – Highlights. Rome: FAO.

BIBLOGRAPHY

Giorgi, F. (2005). Climate change prediction. Climatic Change, 73:239-265.

Global Change (Pacific Institute)

https://youth.europa.eu/get-involved/sustainable-development/how-reduce-my-carbon-footprint_el

IPCC (2001). Climate Change 2001: The scientific basis. Houghton: J.H.Y (Editor)

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2013). Climate change 2013: The

physical science basis. ipcc.ch. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

NASA's Global Hydrology and Climate Center

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BIBLOGRAPHY

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National Center for Atmospheric Research - NCAR Climate Change Research.

Tokar, Brian, Climate Justice, Perspectives on Climate Crisis and Social Change, transl. Stavros Karageorgakis, Anttigoni, Thessaloniki, 2013.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2004). The Evidence from Climate Models. Climate Change Information Sheet 7, from

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, United Nations, 1992, Αρ.1, παρ.3

What is a carbon footprint?». Archived by the orginal document May 11^th 2009. Retrieved on 24^th July 24 2009.

Wright, L.; Kemp, S.; Williams, I. (2011). «'Carbon footprinting': towards a universally accepted definition». Carbon Management 2 (1): 61–72. doi:10.4155/CMT.10.39.

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